FULL IGCSE GCSE HISTORY COURSE Edexcel - AQA/ Medicine THE USA Germany Development of Dictatorship
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Hi there, this is every single thing you need to know to master your IGCSE/GCSE History exam! This course covers the entire syllabus of Changes in Medicine , THE USA 1918 - 41 and Germany Development of Dictatorship.
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THE ENTIRE IGCSE/GCSE HISTORY COURSE
FOR PEARSON EDEXCEL – EVERYTHING IN
ONE FILE!
(this can also cover any other exam board related to the topic, for example you could be revising
Weimar Germany under AQA or Edexcel!
CHANGES IN MEDICINE – 1848 – 1948
WHAT HELPED PROGRESS ON PUBLIC HEALTH
Prior to 1848, medical practitioners were mostly ineffective in surgery and nursing,
scientists didn’t see public health as a big issue and responsibility,
Factors that affected progress in medicine in Britain were
Important individuals,
Advances in science and technology
Government
Communications
Economic factors
War
Individuals such as Florence nightingale, , Simpson, John snow, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch,
Rontgen, Ehrilch, Marie Curie, Gillies, Florey and Chain and Edwin Chadwick help the
progress of medicine by putting things in place, they were mainly put first over public health
Science and Technology helped advance medical care but because many were uneducated
and wasn’t paid much, being skilled and learnt hindered progress
Government put the Public Health Act in place however the hindering progress of this effect
was the lack of care for public health, so the public health act of 1848 wasn’t taken too
seriously
Communications from the industrial revolution helped with Robert Koch identifying micro-
organisms, however and issue was mass pollution during this time and the
unprofessionalism from the government.
Economic factors such as a bigger budget for medicine helped the progression of the
medicine theories, however, it took much time for that income to be received.
,War surprisingly helped the production of medicine knowledge as doctors were put past
their limited knowledge, blood transfusions during WW1 helped and developments such as
skin graphing helped the progress of healthcare, however, with much great evidential
knowledge that had been embarked upon, came issues for Roman Public Health systems as
is had destroyed their public health systems and medical libraries.
Conservatism and religion helped enforce less poverty and improved the situation for
people overall, however, a factor that hindered them was the lack of interest and them
becoming left alone.
All of these factors discussed express all one thing in common, that most of these hindering
issues is the lack of unprofessionalism, interest and passion, this is probably due to the
desire of economic gain, capitalism and overall power, and that becoming a higher priority
within industries, government and society. However, in those that had a passion changed
medicine for the better, the government had adapted to those changes in a way to perfect
healthcare and medicine within present society for now.
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WHAT STOPPED PROGRESS ON MEDICINE AND PUBLIC
HEALTH
Circumstances such as
The continuing impact of the Industrial Revolution
Lack of understanding of the causes of disease
Laissez faire attitudes (Laissez-faire is the policy which is based on the idea
that governments and the law should not interfere with business, finance, or
the conditions of people's working lives)
Surgeon's lack of knowledge on knowledge of anaesthetics, infection and
blood transfusions
What Hindered progress,
The continuing impact of the industrial revolution hindered progress to a great extent
within medicine and public healthcare, in the early 18th century, most Britons lived on the
countryside and worked in agriculture, however, from the late 18th century, Britain
underwent the Industrial revolution and during this timeline, a new production method of
using mills were introduced, which formed mass-produced textiles, were builds in British
towns and cities and in companionship, agriculture was also being mechanically produced.
This led to many leaving the countryside and to travel to towns and cities for employment in
new factories, by 1848, many people lived in towns and cities.
,Now you may ask how this affected medicine and public health? Well, due to the large
number of workers that worked in factories, to keep up with the demand, houses were built
poorly and quickly and this led to bad construction, but the main reason for the halt in
public health and medicine was due to overcrowded houses which in effect caused poor
sanitation and led to diseases such as cholera which speeded rapidly.
Lack of understanding of the causes of diseases was also a huge issue as in the mid 19th
century, scientists and doctors were clueless in what caused disease. A popular theory was
that diseases were a result of bad air/toxic air. This lack of insufficient scientific knowledge
would result in the cholera disease and many other diseases to spread at an incredible pace,
Britain suffered its first ever cholera epidemic in 1831 to 1832, Cholera was a water bone
disease that spread easily at a time when it was common for sewers to be emptied into the
rivers from which people drank from. Other diseases of the mid 19 th century included
diphtheria, smallpox, tuberculosis, typhus and typhoid and in 1861, Queen Victoria’s
beloved husband Prince Albert died of typhoid fever, caught from the drains of Windsor
Castle.
Typhoid was the disease that killed Prince Albert, not to be confused with Typhus, another
killer disease which was a disease spread by body lice which spread bites throughout the
body. Most people had body lice due to the unawareness of the importance of personal
hygiene.
Laissez Faire attitudes was a lack of commitment to improvement on the part of the
government and wealthier people was almost as important as the lack of understanding
about the causes of disease. In fact, if Britons knew in 1848 that cholera was caused by
infected water, it is highly unlikely that anything would've been done about it.
Improvements to British towns and cities would be expensive and taxpayers and ratepayers
did not want to finance them. The government had the money AND the authority however
they would still promote their delusion into thinking that cleaning up a Britain isn't their
responsibility. Many didn’t see this as an issue though as many Britons thought that the
government had no right to interfere with their lives and they didn’t want to pay for
cleaning up in their place of stay. These people were called the dirty party.
An MP siding for the dirty party and sympathetic for them regarding public health may have
made these excuses about not voting for any public health legislation because,
they believe in laissez faire,
it is not the government's responsibility to clean up dirty towns, cleaning up
the towns will be too expensive and I know ratepayers oppose cleaning up
and I want to become re-elected as MP and people will not vote for me if
they see tax rising in my offers
cleaning up the town will make the government too powerful and too
intervionalist,
, the poor are nasty and should help themselves more,
the poor don’t have the vote, so why should I vote for legislation that will
help them.
National and local government would gain money from taxes all over the country and in
effect would use this money through rates and the profits would go all to road maintenance
and occasionally, public health. Despite it not being as serious, we could conceptualise that
some of this money was taken for capitalism and beneficial gain yet that is only a theory.
Surgeons’ lack of knowledge was also another reason for public health and medicine
because they did not know how to treat medical conditions and only had few limited
methods to helping cure pain but it was not as nearly as effective as the future to come with
the introduction of anaesthetics, infection and blood transfusions.
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Tory Prime minister Robert Peels father was a wealthy factory owner, so Peel was familiar
with public health problems in industrial towns, as prime minister between 1841 to 1846,
Peel appointed several commissions to investigate the conditions in Britain's industrial
towns' The commissioners' reports showed how great the problems were. The
commissioners reported on awful living conditions in Merthyr Tydfil an industrial town in
south Wales, an 1845 report illustrated the health of towns.
Authority never cared about the living conditions and poverty of a place such as Merthyr
Tydfil.
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Edwin Chadwick
Edwin Chadwick was a civil servant employed by the governments poor law commission in
the 1830s, the commission had asked Chadwick to report on the living conditions and health
of the poor, Chadwick's Report on the Sanitary conditions of the labouring population
(1842), concluded that much poverty was caused by ill health and that ill health was caused
by the awful conditions in which people lived, he knew how much ratepayers opposed the
idea of financing improvements, but he argued that paying poor relief money to those too
sick to work cost ratepayers a great deal. He said it would save money if public health was
improved and he suggested ways in which it could be done,
Cleaner less crowded and better ventilated housing
Rubbish collections
Sewage removal
Clean water supplies
The appointment of district medical officers
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