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NURSING 2765 Comprehensive Exam Predictor
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A nurse answers a call light and finds a client anxious, short of breath, reporting chest pain, and having a blood pressure of 88/52mm Hg on the cardiac monitor. What action by the nurse takes priority?
a. Assess the client's lung sounds.
b. Notify the Rapid Response Team.
c. Provide reassurance to the client.
d. Take a full set of vital signs.
b
This client has manifestations of a pulmonary embolism, and the most critical action is to notify the Rapid Response Team for
speedy diagnosis and treatment. The other actions are appropriate also but are not the priority.
A client is admitted with a pulmonary embolism (PE). The client is young, healthy, and active and has no known risk factors for PE.
What action by the nurse is most appropriate?
a. Encourage the client to walk 5 minutes each hour.
b. Refer the client to smoking cessation classes.
c. Teach the client about factor V Leiden testing.
d. Tell the client that sometimes no cause for disease is found.
c
Factor V Leiden is an inherited thrombophilia that can lead to abnormal clotting events, including PE. A client with no known risk
factors for this disorder should be referred for testing. Encouraging the client to walk is healthy, but is not related to the development
of a PE in this case, nor is smoking. Although there are cases of disease where no cause is ever found, this assumption is
premature.
A client has a pulmonary embolism and is started on oxygen. The student nurse asks why the client's oxygen saturation has not
significantly improved. What response by the nurse is best?
a. "Breathing so rapidly interferes with oxygenation."
b. "Maybe the client has respiratory distress syndrome."
c. "The blood clot interferes with perfusion in the lungs."
d. "The client needs immediate intubation and mechanical ventilation."
c
A large blood clot in the lungs will significantly impair gas exchange and oxygenation. Unless the clot is dissolved, this process will
continue unabated. Hyperventilation can interfere with oxygenation by shallow breathing, but there is no evidence that the client is
hyperventilating, and this is also not the most precise physiologic answer. Respiratory distress syndrome can occur, but this is not
as likely. The client may need to be mechanically ventilated, but without concrete data on FiO2 and SaO2, the nurse cannot make
that judgment.
A client is on intravenous heparin to treat a pulmonary embolism. The client's most recent partial thromboplastin time (PTT) was 25
seconds. What order should the nurse anticipate?
a. Decrease the heparin rate.
b. Increase the heparin rate.
c. No change to the heparin rate.
d. Stop heparin; start warfarin (Coumadin).
b
For clients on heparin, a PTT of 1.5 to 2.5 times the normal value is needed to demonstrate the heparin is working. A normal PTT is
25 to 35 seconds, so this client's PTT value is too low. The heparin rate needs to be increased. Warfarin is not indicated in this
situation.
A client is hospitalized with a second episode of pulmonary embolism (PE). Recent genetic testing reveals the client has an
alteration in the gene CYP2C19. What action by the nurse is best?
a. Instruct the client to eliminate all vitamin K from the diet.
b. Prepare preoperative teaching for an inferior vena cava (IVC) filter.
c. Refer the client to a chronic illness support group.
d. Teach the client to use a soft-bristled toothbrush.
b
Often clients are discharged from the hospital on warfarin (Coumadin) after a PE. However, clients with a variation in the CYP2C19
gene do not metabolize warfarin well and have higher blood levels and more side effects. This client is a poor candidate for warfarin
therapy, and the prescriber will most likely order an IVC filter device to be implanted. The nurse should prepare to do preoperative
teaching on this procedure. It would be impossible to eliminate all vitamin K from the diet. A chronic illness support group may be
needed, but this is not the best intervention as it is not as specific to the client as the IVC filter. A soft-bristled toothbrush is a safety
measure for clients on anticoagulation therapy.
A nurse is caring for four clients on intravenous heparin therapy. Which laboratory value possibly indicates that a serious side effect
has occurred?
a. Hemoglobin: 14.2 g/dL
b. Platelet count: 82,000/L
c. Red blood cell count: 4.8/mm3
d. White blood cell count: 8.7/mm3
b
This platelet count is low and could indicate heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. The other values are normal for either gender.
A client appears dyspneic, but the oxygen saturation is 97%. What action by the nurse is best?
a. Assess for other manifestations of hypoxia.
b. Change the sensor on the pulse oximeter.
c. Obtain a new oximeter from central supply.
d. Tell the client to take slow, deep breaths.
a
Pulse oximetry is not always the most accurate assessment tool for hypoxia as many factors can interfere, producing normal or
,near-normal readings in the setting of hypoxia. The nurse should conduct a more thorough assessment. The other actions are not
appropriate for a hypoxic client.
A nurse is assisting the health care provider who is intubating a client. The provider has been attempting to intubate for 40 seconds.
What action by the nurse takes priority?
a. Ensure the client has adequate sedation.
b. Find another provider to intubate.
c. Interrupt the procedure to give oxygen.
d. Monitor the client's oxygen saturation.
c
Each intubation attempt should not exceed 30 seconds (15 is preferable) as it causes hypoxia. The nurse should interrupt the
intubation attempt and give the client oxygen. The nurse should also have adequate sedation during the procedure and monitor the
client's oxygen saturation, but these do not take priority. Finding another provider is not appropriate at this time.
An intubated client's oxygen saturation has dropped to 88%. What action by the nurse takes priority?
a. Determine if the tube is kinked.
b. Ensure all connections are patent.
c. Listen to the client's lung sounds.
d. Suction the endotracheal tube.
c
When an intubated client shows signs of hypoxia, check for DOPE: displaced tube (most common cause), obstruction (often by
secretions), pneumothorax, and equipment problems. The nurse listens for equal, bilateral breath sounds first to determine if the
endotracheal tube is still correctly placed. If this assessment is normal, the nurse would follow the mnemonic and assess the
patency of the tube and connections and perform suction.
A client is on a ventilator and is sedated. What care may the nurse delegate to the unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP)?
a. Assess the client for sedation needs.
b. Get family permission for restraints.
c. Provide frequent oral care per protocol.
d. Use nonverbal pain assessment tools.
c
The client on mechanical ventilation needs frequent oral care, which can be delegated to the UAP. The other actions fall within the
scope of practice of the nurse.
A nurse is caring for a client on mechanical ventilation. When double-checking the ventilator settings with the respiratory therapist,
what should the nurse ensure as a priority?
a. The client is able to initiate spontaneous breaths.
b. The inspired oxygen has adequate humidification.
c. The upper peak airway pressure limit alarm is off.
d. The upper peak airway pressure limit alarm is on.
d
The upper peak airway pressure limit alarm will sound when the airway pressure reaches a preset maximum. This is critical to
prevent damage to the lungs. Alarms should never be turned off. Initiating spontaneous breathing is important for some modes of
ventilation but not others. Adequate humidification is important but does not take priority over preventing injury.
A nurse is caring for a client on mechanical ventilation and finds the client agitated and thrashing about. What action by the nurse is
most appropriate?
a. Assess the cause of the agitation.
b. Reassure the client that he or she is safe.
c. Restrain the client's hands.
d. Sedate the client immediately.
a
The nurse needs to determine the cause of the agitation.
A nurse is preparing to admit a client on mechanical ventilation from the emergency department. What action by the nurse takes
priority?
a. Assessing that the ventilator settings are correct
b. Ensuring there is a bag-valve-mask in the room
c. Obtaining personal protective equipment
d. Planning to suction the client upon arrival to the room
b
Having a bag-valve-mask device is critical in case the client needs manual breathing. The respiratory therapist is usually primarily
responsible for setting up the ventilator, although the nurse should know and check the settings. Personal protective equipment is
important, but ensuring client safety takes priority. The client may or may not need suctioning on arrival.
A client is on mechanical ventilation and the client's spouse wonders why ranitidine (Zantac) is needed since the client "only has
lung problems." What response by the nurse is best?
a. "It will increase the motility of the gastrointestinal tract."
b. "It will keep the gastrointestinal tract functioning normally."
c. "It will prepare the gastrointestinal tract for enteral feedings."
d. "It will prevent ulcers from the stress of mechanical ventilation."
d
Stress ulcers occur in many clients who are receiving mechanical ventilation, and often prophylactic medications are used to prevent
them. Frequently used medications include antacids, histamine blockers, and proton pump inhibitors. Zantac is a histamine blocking
agent.
A client has been brought to the emergency department with a life-threatening chest injury. What action by the nurse takes priority?
a. Apply oxygen at 100%.
, b. Assess the respiratory rate.
c. Ensure a patent airway.
d. Start two large-bore IV lines.
c
The priority for any chest trauma client is airway, breathing, circulation. The nurse first ensures the client has a patent airway.
Assessing respiratory rate and applying oxygen are next, followed by inserting IVs.
A client is being discharged soon on warfarin (Coumadin). What menu selection for dinner indicates the client needs more education
regarding this medication?
a. Hamburger and French fries
b. Large chef's salad and muffin
c. No selection; spouse brings pizza
d. Tuna salad sandwich and chips
b
Warfarin works by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Foods high in vitamin K thus interfere with its
action and need to be eaten in moderate, consistent amounts. The chef's salad most likely has too many leafy green vegetables,
which contain high amounts of vitamin K. The other selections, while not particularly healthy, will not interfere with the medication's
mechanism of action.
A nurse is teaching a client about warfarin (Coumadin). What assessment finding by the nurse indicates a possible barrier to self-
management?
a. Poor visual acuity
b. Strict vegetarian
c. Refusal to stop smoking
d. Wants weight loss surgery
b
Warfarin works by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Foods high in vitamin K thus interfere with its
action and need to be eaten in moderate, consistent amounts. A vegetarian may have trouble maintaining this diet. The nurse
should explore this possibility with the client. The other options are not related.
A student nurse is preparing to administer enoxaparin (Lovenox) to a client. What action by the student requires immediate
intervention by the supervising nurse?
a. Assessing the client's platelet count
b. Choosing an 18-gauge, 2-inch needle
c. Not aspirating prior to injection
d. Swabbing the injection site with alcohol
b
Enoxaparin is given subcutaneously, so the 18-gauge, 2-inch needle is too big. The other actions are appropriate
A client in the emergency department has several broken ribs. What care measure will best promote comfort?
a. Allowing the client to choose the position in bed
b. Humidifying the supplemental oxygen
c. Offering frequent, small drinks of water
d. Providing warmed blankets
a
Allow the client with respiratory problems to assume a position of comfort if it does not interfere with care. Often the client will
choose a more upright position, which also improves oxygenation. The other options are less effective comfort measures.
A client has been diagnosed with a very large pulmonary embolism (PE) and has a dropping blood pressure. What medication
should the nurse anticipate the client will need as the priority?
a. Alteplase (Activase)
b. Enoxaparin (Lovenox)
c. Unfractionated heparin
d. Warfarin sodium (Coumadin)
a
Activase is a "clot-busting" agent indicated in large PEs in the setting of hemodynamic instability. The nurse knows this drug is the
priority, although heparin may be started initially. Enoxaparin and warfarin are not indicated in this setting.
A client is brought to the emergency department after sustaining injuries in a severe car crash. The client's chest wall does not
appear to be moving normally with respirations, oxygen saturation is 82%, and the client is cyanotic. What action by the nurse is the
priority?
a. Administer oxygen and reassess.
b. Auscultate the client's lung sounds.
c. Facilitate a portable chest x-ray.
d. Prepare to assist with intubation.
d
This client has manifestations of flail chest and, with the other signs, needs to be intubated and mechanically ventilated immediately.
The nurse does not have time to administer oxygen and wait to reassess, or to listen to lung sounds. A chest x-ray will be taken after
the client is intubated.
A student nurse asks for an explanation of "refractory hypoxemia." What answer by the nurse instructor is best?
a. "It is chronic hypoxemia that accompanies restrictive airway disease."
b. "It is hypoxemia from lung damage due to mechanical ventilation."
c. "It is hypoxemia that continues even after the client is weaned from oxygen."
d. "It is hypoxemia that persists even with 100% oxygen administration."
d
Refractory hypoxemia is hypoxemia that persists even with the administration of 100% oxygen. It is a cardinal sign of acute
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