SBI4U (AP Biology) - Biochemistry Summary/Test Review
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Course
Biology
Institution
12th Grade
This test review + free Quizlet summarizes the key concepts of biochemistry, as covered by the AP Biology/Ontario Grade 12 Biology curriculum. Some topics it deals with include the properties of water, the types of molecules, basic organic chemistry and more!
1. Essential Elements, Radioactive Isotopes, and Orbitals
Essential Elements: All of the elements required for life (around 20-25% of the
natural ones) - of these, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen make up over
96% of living matter
Radioactive Isotopes: Isotopes that decay spontaneously - they can be used as
radioactive tracers (tracking atoms through metabolism) or for radiometric dating
(measuring isotope ratios to calculate half-lives passed since “parent” isotope was
there)
Orbitals: The 3D space where an electron in a certain shell is found 90% of the
time - the orbitals are 1s, 2s and 3 2p orbitals (dumbbell-shaped) in the x/y/z axes
2. Chemical Bonding
Electronegativity: An atom’s ability to attract shared electrons in a covalent bond
Types of bonds based on EN
NOTE: To be polar, a molecule must have polar bonds and be asymmetrical!
Valence: The number of covalent bonds an atom can form (e.g. carbon needs to
share 4 pairs of electrons so its bonding capacity is 4!)
London Dispersion Brief attraction between molecules as their electrons move around, creating
Forces (LDFs) temporary areas of partial charge (dipole moments)
Dipole-Induced Attraction between a dipole and the induced dipole it creates in a nonpolar
Dipoles molecule
Dipole-Dipole Forces Attraction between areas of opposite partial charge in two dipoles
Hydrogen Bonds The dipole-dipole force between hydrogen and an ONF atom in another
molecule (both must have H bonded to ONF)
Chapter 3 (Water and Life)
1. Properties of Water
Water: A substance which makes life possible (it is the only one to naturally exist
in all 3 states of matter) through several emergent properties - these include..
a. Cohesive Behaviour: Hydrogen bonds make water very cohesive (these
bonds hold water molecules together, even against gravity) and adhesive
(these bonds also help water adhere to plant cell walls), allowing for water
transport against gravity in plants
b. Temperature Moderation: Water absorbs/releases heat when hydrogen
bonds break/form, making its specific heat (1 cal/g * °C) high and allowing it
to moderate temperature (absorb heat in the summer, release it in the
winter)
c. Expansion Upon Freezing: When water freezes, hydrogen bonds form
between all water molecules (instead of constantly breaking and forming in
liquid), making a crystal lattice (and more ‘ordered’ structure) and leading to
ice being less dense….if ice sank, all bodies of water would freeze solid!
d. Universal Solvent: Water’s polarity means it can dissolve ionic compounds
(dissociating ions and forming a hydration shell), polar molecules, and even
large ones like proteins - well, as long as they have ionic + polar regions
2. Acids and Bases
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