100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
NR 292 - Pharm chapters summary. $15.49   Add to cart

Exam (elaborations)

NR 292 - Pharm chapters summary.

 0 view  0 purchase
  • Course
  • Institution

NR 292 - Pharm chapters summary.

Preview 4 out of 78  pages

  • May 2, 2022
  • 78
  • 2021/2022
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
avatar-seller
NR 292 - PHARM CHAPTERS
SUMMARY


Exam 1: chapters 1-thru 7 and 38, 39, 40, 42

Exam 2: chapters: 45, 46, 10, 11, 12, 13,14,15,16,17,26

Chapter 45: Antineoplastic drugs part 1; This chapter discusses the cell cycle–specific
drugs.

Analogue: A chemical compound with a structure similar to that of another compound but differing
from it with respect to some component

Carcinomas: Malignant epithelial neoplasms that tend to invade surrounding tissue and metastasize to
distant regions of the body.

Cell cycle–nonspecific: Denoting antineoplastic drugs that are cytotoxic in any phase of the cellular
growth cycle.

Cell cycle–specific: Denoting antineoplastic drugs that are cytotoxic during a specific phase of the
cellular growth cycle.

Dose-limiting adverse effects: Adverse effects that prevent an antineoplastic drug from being given in
higher dosages, often restricting the effectiveness of the drug.

Extravasation: The leakage of any intravenously or intraarterially administered medication into the
tissue space surrounding the vein or artery; can cause serious tissue injury.

Paraneoplastic syndromes: Symptom complexes arising in patients with cancer that cannot be
explained by local or distant spread of their tumors

Sarcomas Malignant: neoplasms of the connective tissues arising in bone, fibrous, fatty, muscular,
synovial, vascular, or neural tissue, often first presenting as painless swellings.

Metastasis refers to the spreading of a cancer from the original site of growth (primary lesion) to a new
and remote part of the body (secondary or metastatic lesion).

 Cancer patients may also experience various groups of symptoms that cannot be directly attributed
to the spread of a cancerous tumor. Such symptom complexes are referred to as paraneoplastic
syndromes.

 Cachexia (general ill health and malnutrition) is the most common such symptom complex.

, The cell growth characteristics of normal and neoplastic cells are similar. Both types of cells pass
through five distinct gap phases:

 G0, the resting phase, in which the cell is considered out of the cell cycle; Most normal
human cells exist predominantly in this phase. Cancer cells in this phase are not susceptible
to the toxic effects of cell cycle–specific drugs.

 G1, the first gap phase; Enzymes necessary for DNA synthesis are produced.

 S, the synthesis phase; DNA synthesis takes place, from DNA strand separation to
replication of each strand to create duplicate DNA molecules

 G2, the second gap phase; RNA and specialized proteins are made.

 M, the mitosis phase: Divided into four subphases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and
telophase; cell divides (reproduces) into two daughter cells.

, The percentage of cells undergoing mitosis at any given time is called the growth fraction of the
tumor.

 The actual number of cells that are in the M phase of the cell cycle is called the mitotic
index. Chemotherapy is most effective when used in a rapidly dividing or highly proliferative
tumor.

 Hematopoietic stem cells are cells in the bone marrow that have the capacity for self-renewal
and repopulation of the different types of blood and bone marrow cells.

 The more technical term for cancer is malignant neoplasm. Drugs used to treat cancer are
therefore known as antineoplastic drugs but are also called cancer drugs, anticancer drugs, and,
most commonly, cytotoxic chemotherapy or just chemotherapy. The nomenclature (naming
system) of cancer drugs can be somewhat more complex and confusing than that for other drug
classes. Cancer treatment is an intensively researched area in health care with many active
research protocols. Multiple names are often used for the same drug, depending on its stage of
development.

 Antineoplastic drugs that are cytotoxic (cell killing) in any phase of the cycle are called cell cycle–
nonspecific drugs.

 Those drugs that are cytotoxic during a specific cell cycle phase are called cell cycle–
specific drugs.

,  There are used to treat a variety of solid or circulating tumors

 Antimetabolites

 Mitotic inhibitors

 Alkaloid topoisomerase II inhibitors

 Topoisomerase I inhibitors

 Antineoplastic enzymes



 Myelosuppression, also known as bone marrow suppression or bone marrow depression, is
another unwanted adverse effect of certain antineoplastics. It commonly results from drug- or
radiation-induced destruction of rapidly dividing cells in the bone marrow, primarily the cellular
precursors of WBCs, red blood cells (RBCs), and platelets.

 Myelosuppression, in turn, leads to leukopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. The cancer
patient is often at greater risk for infection because of leukopenia (reduced WBC count)
secondary to chemotherapy. Patients often need antibiotics intravenously (IV), either to prevent
or to treat bacterial infections. Such patients are referred to as being neutropenic. Drug-induced
anemia (reduced RBC count) often leads to hypoxia and fatigue, whereas thrombocytopenia
(reduced platelet count) makes the patient more susceptible to bleeding. The lowest level of
WBCs in the blood following chemotherapy (or radiation) treatment is called the nadir.

 The nadir normally occurs roughly 10 to 28 days after dosing, depending on the particular drug
or combination of drugs that is used. Anticipation of this nadir based on known cancer drug data
can be used to guide the timing of prophylactic (preventive) administration of antibiotics and
blood stimulants known as hematopoietic growth factors

 Common relative contraindications for cancer drugs include very low WBC count. ongoing
infectious process, severe compromise in nutritional and hydration status, reduced kidney or
liver function, or a decline in organ function in any system that may be further affected by the
toxic effect of the drug being administered.

 Reduction in fertility is a major concern in postpubertal patients. Cancer also complicates 1 in
1000 pregnancies. All chemotherapy drugs are classified as pregnancy category D. The choice to
use chemotherapy in a pregnant woman is based on risk versus benefit. Both radiation and
chemotherapy treatments can cause significant permanent fetal harm or death. The greatest
risk is during the first trimester. Chemotherapy treatment during the second or third trimester is
more likely to improve maternal outcome without significant fetal risk.

 Chemotherapy special considerations

 Toxicities

 Contraindications

 Pregnancy

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller superacademic. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $15.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

67096 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
$15.49
  • (0)
  Add to cart