PHARM N180 Exam Study Guide
Pharmacotherapy for Altered Endocrine & GI Function
I) Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
a. A chronic condition that results from deficient glucose metabolism. Results in insufficient insulin secretion from the beta cells of the pancreas (McCuistion, 2019) pancreas (secretes ins...
i diabetes mellitus dm a a chronic condition that results from deficient glucose metabolism results in insufficient insulin secretion from the beta cells of the pancre
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PHARM N180 Exam Study Guide
Pharmacotherapy for Altered Endocrine & GI Function
I) Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
a. A chronic condition that results from deficient glucose metabolism. Results in
insufficient insulin secretion from the beta cells of the pancreas (McCuistion,
2019) pancreas (secretes insulin) is located in left upper quad
i. Characterized by 3 P’s
1. Polyuria (excess urination)
2. Polydipsia (excess thirst)
3. Polyphagia (excess eating/hunger)
ii. Do not confuse DM with diabetes insipidus (DI)
1. DM D/O of the pancreas
2. DI D/O of posterior pituitary gland
iii. While McCuistion lists 4 types of diabetes, we will focus on two most
common;
1. DM type I
2. DM type II
b. DM type I insulin dependent
i. Beta cells of pancreas does not produce enough/stopped producing insulin
1. Genetic
2. Viral triggers
ii. AKA “Juvenile Diabetes”
1. Can be diagnosed in children, teens or young adults
iii. Less common than Type II
1. About 5% of people
iv. Signs/Symptoms
1. Polyuria
a. Often at night
2. Polydipsia
3. **Unintended Weight loss (Type I)
4. Fatigue
c. DM Type II noninsulin dependent
i. Beta cells of pancreas are not producing enough insulin to keep up with
body demand/cells become resistant
1. AKA “Adult onset diabetes”
2. More insidious and develops over time
ii. More Common
1. About 1 in 10 adults have DM
a. 90-95% have DM type II
2. Lifestyle and heredity play large roles in development of the
disease
iii. Signs/Symptoms
1. 3 P’s
2. Delayed wound healing
3. Fatigue
iv. Risk Factors
1. Lack of exercise
2. Overweight
3. Family history
, 4. Unhealthy eating
II) Pharmacotherapy of DM
a. Insulins (ATI book: pg. 309-310)
i. Rapid-acting: Lispro (Humalog) regular
1. Onset:15-30 min
2. Peak: 0.5-2.5 hr
3. Duration: 3-6 hr
4. Given before meals
5. Give amount of med depending on blood sugar results
ii. Short-acting: Regular Insulin
1. Onset: 0.5-1 hr
2. Peak: 1-5 hr
3. Duration: 6-10hr
iii. Intermediate: NPH
1. Onset:1-2 hr
2. Peak: 6-14 hr
3. Duration: 16-24 hr
4. Given 1-2x/day
iv. Long-acting: Glargine (lantus)
1. Onset: 70 min
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