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Biology: A Level AQA Paper 1 2022
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Biology: A Level AQA Paper 1 2022
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Biology: A Level AQA Paper 1T killer cells - Attack and Kill Host-Body Cells that Display Foreign Antigens
T helper cells - Releases Cytokines that stimulates B cells to develop and stimulate
phagocytosis by the phagocytes
T memory cells - Provide long term immunity
Plasma Cells - Manufacture antibodies.and release antibodies
B memory cells - cells that remain in the blood for a long time, providing long-term
immunity
Neutrophils - WBC that engulfs foreign matter and traps it in a phagosome- lysosome
digests the foreign matter
Basiphils - Contains anticoagulant heparin that prevents blood from clotting too quickly
Eosinophils - Disease fighting WBC
Macrophage - Large white blood cell that removes bacteria, foreign particles, and dead
cells
monocyte - a leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection
pathogen - a microorganism that causes disease
vector - an organism that carries a pathogen from one host to another
transmission - passing a pathogen from an infected individual to an unifected individual
primary defences - those that prevent pathogens entering the body
neutrophil - a type of white blood cell that engulfs foreign matter and traps it in a large
vacuole (phagosome). which fuses with lysosomes to digest the foreign matter.
cytokines - hormone like molecules used in cell signalling to stimulate the immune
response
opsonins - proteins that bind to the antigen on a pathogen and then allow phagocytes to
bind
,secondary defences - defences which attack pathogens that have entered the body
antibodies - specific proteins released by plasma cells that can. attach to pathogenic
antigens.
clonal expansion - an increase in the number of cells by mitotic cell division
interleukins - signalling molecules that are used to comunicate between different white
blood cells
T regulator cells - cells that are involved with inhibiting or ending the immune response
primary immune response - the initial response caused by first infection
secondary immune response - a more rapid and vigorous response caused by a second
or subsequent infection by the same pathogen
agglutinins - antibodies that cause pathogens to stick together
anti-toxins - antibodies that render toxins harmless
phagocyte - a white blood cell that destroys pathogens by engulfing them and breaking
them down
lymphocyte - A type of white blood cell that makes antibodies to fight off infections
Pyrimidine - Cytosine and Thymine
Purines - Adenine and Guanine
Nucleotide - the monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate
group, and a nitrogenous base
semi-conservative replication - in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the
original molecule, and one strand is new
Transcription - The synthesis of RNA on a DNA template.
Translation - Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
pentose sugar - a five-carbon sugar molecule found in nucleic acids
phosphodiester bond - covalent bond connecting nucleotides together
complementary base pairing - In DNA, T pairs with A; G pairs with C;
RNA, U pairs with A and G pairs with C
, mRNA (messenger RNA) - a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the
information to make a protein
tRNA (transfer RNA) - The molecule that carries the amino-acid to the Ribosome. It also
has the Anti-Codon.
amine group - the nitrogen-containing portion of an amino acid - NH2
carboxyl group - consists of a carbon double-bonded to both an oxygen and a hydroxyl
group
R group - Variable group - with 20 different natural variables
peptide bond - bond between amino acids
Dipeptide - Two amino acids bonded together
Polypeptide - A chain of amino acids
covalent bond - a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
Codons - The three-base sequence of nucleotides in mRNA
Anti-codon - group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a
mRNA codon
ionic bonds - the electrostatic attraction that binds oppositely charged ions together
disulfide bridges - a covalent bond formed between the sulphurs of cysteine monomers
primary structure - sequence of amino acids
secondary structure - alpha helix or beta pleated sheets, stabilised by hydrogen bonds
tertiary structure - the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to bonds
and interactions
quaternary structure - Results from two or more polypeptide chains.
insertion - A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.
deletion - a mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene
substitution - a mutation resulting in the exchanging of bases
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