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AHA Exam 2 Study Guide from Chen Walta Review
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AHA Exam 2 Study Guide from Chen Walta ReviewAbnormalities in nail beds (pt. complains of problem with nail beds)
Fungal infection (onychomycosis)
Thick and yellow or white discoloration of nail bed
May separate from the nail bed
May report associated discomfort, paresthesia, loss of manual dexterity
May lose ability to walk, exercise, wear shoes
Cellulitis
Swollen, red, and painful to touch
Bacterial infection
A.K.A. Paronychia
Paronychia
Hx of nail trauma or manipulation
Chronic- repeated exposure to moisture with tenderness and mild swelling.
Redness, swelling, and tenderness at the lateral and proximal nail folds.
Purulent drainage under cuticle.
Soft tissue infection around fingernail.
Chronic can produce rippling of the nail
Leukonychia
White spots on nail plate (caused by heavy metal poisoning such as lead,
cirrhosis of the liver or chemotherapy.
Different types of skin lesions
Nodule Elevated, firm, circumscribed lesion
Deeper in dermis than a papule.
1 to 2 cm in diameter
Erythema nodosum, lipoma
Cyst Elevated, circumscribed encapsulated lesion
In the dermis or subcutaneous layer filled with liquid or semisolid material.
Sebaceous cyst, cystic acne
Papule Elevated, firm, circumscribed area
Less than 1 cm in diameter
Wart (verruca), elevated mole, lichen planus (Shiny like plaque psoriasis)
Pustule Elevated, superficial lesion
Similar to a vesicle but filled with purulent fluid
Impetigo, acne
Different types of headaches
Classic Migraine
Childhood onset-more common in women
Unilateral or generalized
Lasts hours to days
Onset is morning or evening
, Pulsating or throbbing pain.
Causes- Menstrual cycle, not eating, birth control pills, let down after stress.
Can cause nausea/vomiting
Temporal arteritis
Older adults
Unilateral or bilateral
Lasts hours to days
Occurs anytime
Throbbing
Causes-stress, anger, bruxism
Hypertensive
Adulthood
Bilateral or occiput
Lasts for hours
Occurs in morning
Throbbing
Remits as the day progresses
Cluster
Adulthood
Unilateral
½-2 hours duration
Onset at night
Intense burning, boring, searing, knifelike
Can cause personality changes, sleep disturbances
Caused by alcohol consumption
Occurs more in men
Thyroid problems based on patient history
Hypothyroidism
Weight gain
Constipation
Fatigue
Cold intolerance
Normal size thyroid
Goiter
Nodules
Hyperthyroidism
Weight loss
Tachycardia
Diarrhea
Heat sensitivity
Normal size thyroid
Goiter
Nodules
Fine hair
Brittle nails
, Proptosis
Papules and pustules developed as result of hygienic activity.
Folliculitis
Inflammation and infection of hair follicle and surrounding dermis.
Patho:
inflammatory cells w/I the wall of the hair follicle create follicular based pustule
inflammation can be superficial or deep
Subjective data:
Acute onset of papules and pustules associated with pruritus or mild discomfort
May have pain with deep folliculitis
Risk factors- frequent shaving, hot tubs, occlusive dressing, obesity
Objective data:
Small pustules
May be surrounded by inflammation or nodular lesions
May have suppurative drainage with crusting.
Furuncle (Boil)
Deep seated infection of pilosebaceous unit
Patho:
Staph aureus most common
Starts as small perifollicular abscess
May occur singly or in multiples
Subjective data:
Acute onset of tender red nodule that becomes pustular
Objective data:
Skin is red, hot, and tender
Common in face, neck, arms, axillae, breasts, thighs, and buttocks
Tinea (Dermatophytosis)-Group of noncandidal fungal infections that involve the stratum
corneum, nails, or hair
Patho:
Infection of dermatophytes acquired by direct contact
Lesions classified according to the anatomic location on hairy or non-hairy parts.
Subjective
May report pruritus
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