Test Bank: Public / Community Health and Nursing-- Practice--: Caring-- for-- Populations-- 2nd Edition-- Christine L. Savage
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Course
NURS MISC
Institution
University Of Southampton (UOS)
Exam 1 Study Guide – Ch. 1, 2, 7, 19
C. Savage, Public/Community Health and Nursing Practice, 2nd. Ed.
This information is a general guideline for exam one, it is not all encompassing of every item on the exam.
Chapter 1:
Equity vs equality
o Equity is the underlying concept behind optim...
test bank public community health and nursing practice
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426 Community Health
Exam 1 Study Guide – Ch. 1, 2, 7, 19
C. Savage, Public/Community Health and Nursing Practice, 2nd. Ed.
This information is a general guideline for exam one, it is not all encompassing of every item on the exam.
Chapter 1:
Equity vs equality
o Equity is the underlying concept behind optimum health as a basic human right.
o
Reducing health disparities
o Health disparity exists when “… a health outcome is seen to a greater or lesser extent
between populations.
o Identifying a disparity is the first step in understanding the underlying risk factors and the
development of possible interventions to reduce or eliminate the disparity.
o Health inequity describes avoidable gaps in health outcomes.
o public health as a science has shifted from focusing on dramatic cases to focusing on existing
disparities and addressing the underlying social determinants of health, such as poverty
Social determinants of health
o social and environmental conditions in which people live and work.
o neighborhood and the built environment
o Before developing an intervention to improve health outcomes in a population, a nurse must
first identify these determinants of health.
Point in Time
o One way to get an estimate of how many people experience homelessness is to determine the
number of persons experiencing homelessness on a given night. This is called a point in time
estimate of homelessness, because a single night, or one point in time, was used to determine
prevalence.
Migrant worker
o those who move from place to place to get work and who often work in another country that
is not their own.
o increased risk for exploitation because of limited social protection, inequalities in the labor
market, and increased risk for human trafficking.
o greater risk for experiencing modern slaver
o migrant workers move around or are frequently away from their permanent place of
residence, establishing residency for benefits (e.g., federal assistance through food stamps) is
often difficult for this group. Most of these workers have no access to workers’ compensation
or disability compensation.
o The workers live in crowded housing and working conditions, making them six times more
likely to develop tuberculosis when compared with other workers.
, 426 Community Health
Exam 1 Study Guide – Ch. 1, 2, 7, 19
C. Savage, Public/Community Health and Nursing Practice, 2nd. Ed.
This information is a general guideline for exam one, it is not all encompassing of every item on the exam.
o The health of migrant workers reflects their poverty and poor living situations, making them
vulnerable to conditions no longer thought of as being prevalent in the United States.
o migrant workers are faced with numerous barriers related to accessing adequate health care.
These include the cost of coverage, lack of health-care providers in the area, and lack of
transportation to health-care services.
Determinants of health
o range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors.
o Understanding the determinants of health begins with the cultural context and the diversity of
populations across the globe
Diversity reflects the fact that groups and individuals are not all the same but differ in
relation to culture, ethnicity, and race.
Culture the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious,
or social group; also: the characteristic features of everyday existence (such as
diversions or a way of life) shared by people in a place or time
o Multiple examples exist of health promotion activities that focus on changing individual
behavior to reduce risk, such as smoking cessation, healthy eating, and increased exercise.
o Smoking, poverty
o Environment is one of the main determinants of health for individuals, populations, and the
communities they live in.
Community collaboration
o the community’s role in health programs had often been that of a passive recipient,
beneficiary, or research subject, with the active work carried out by public health experts.
There is now a growing commitment to collaboration in promoting the health of communities
and populations. Evidence shows that such efforts increase effectiveness and productivity,
empower the participants, strengthen social engagement, and ensure accountability
o Cultural Competency acquired knowledge related to the culture of others.
o Cultural Humility acknowledges that the understanding of the multitude of diverse cultures in
the world today may be too big a task. Cultural humility is an understanding that self-
awareness about one’s own culture is an ongoing process, and an acknowledgment that we
must approach others as equals, with respect for their prevailing beliefs and cultural norms.
Local public health department responsibilities
o three core functions that encompass the purpose of public health: (1) assessment, (2) policy
development, and (3) assurance.
Diversity
o reflects the fact that groups and individuals are not all the same but differ in relation to
culture, ethnicity, and race.
Cultural competency
o Culture as defined in the Merriam Webster Dictionary as “… the customary beliefs, social
forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group; also: the characteristic
features of everyday existence (such as diversions or a way of life) shared by people in a
place or time.
o Knowledge and understanding of the cultural context of persons constitutes a key aspect in
the development of effective nursing interventions.
, 426 Community Health
Exam 1 Study Guide – Ch. 1, 2, 7, 19
C. Savage, Public/Community Health and Nursing Practice, 2nd. Ed.
This information is a general guideline for exam one, it is not all encompassing of every item on the exam.
o a core aspect of care for healthcare providers. It is traditionally defined as the attitudes,
knowledge, and skills the health-care provider uses to provide quality care to culturally
diverse populations. It requires an understanding and capacity to provide care in a diverse
environment. This implies an endpoint of acquired knowledge related to the culture of others.
o standard to help guide the delivery of health care to individuals and to populations, whereas
cultural humility is the underlying quality needed to truly implement interventions to improve
health in partnership with communities and populations.
o Cultural self-assessment involves a critical reflection of one’s own viewpoints, experiences,
attitudes, values, and beliefs. When one can honestly identify learned stereotypes and
ethnocentric attitudes, enlightenment can occur. Nurses cannot begin to effectively consider
the cultural context while providing care without first exploring their own cultures using
basic questions
o Cultural competence is the standard to help guide the delivery of health care to individuals
and to populations, whereas cultural humility is the underlying quality needed to truly
implement interventions to improve health in partnership with communities and populations.
Population-focused care
o health as “the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity.”28 However, population health is more than just a
combination of these two terms, because it requires an understanding of all the factors listed
in the ecological model that contribute to the health of a population.
o nurses need a basic knowledge of the different scientific disciplines that make up public
health science.
Role and responsibilities of the PHN
o Coordination, Consultation, and Leadership: A PHN is responsible for coordinating programs,
services, and other activities to implement an identified plan.46 A PHN acts as a consultant when
he or she works with community organizations or groups to develop a local health fair or provide
the latest information about a CD outbreak to the community. At a more complex level, Advanced
Public Health Nurses (APHN) act as consultants when providing expert testimony to the federal
or state governments about a health promotion program. As leaders, PHNs can serve in coalition-
building efforts around a health issue such as teen smoking prevention or opioid overdose
prevention.
o Advocacy: Advocacy refers to the responsibility of PHNs to speak for populations and
communities that lack the resources to be heard.1 Assisting families living in poverty to access
appropriate services is one example of an important role of PHNs. Another example of advocacy
is engaging in strategies to affect policy at the local, state, or national level.
o Health Education and Health Promotion: The PHN selects teaching and learning methods to help
communities address health issues, presenting the information in a culturally competent manner,
implementing the health education program in partnership with the community, and evaluating
the effectiveness of the program by collecting feedback from participants.
o Regulatory Activities: Since the beginning of public health nursing, health policy has been an
important aspect of practice. Responsibilities include identifying, interpreting, and implementing
public health laws, regulations, and policies.1 Activities include monitoring and inspecting
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