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sophia introduction to statistics unit 1 milestone 1
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SOPHIASophia
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
Introduction to Statistics Unit 1 – Milestone 1UNIT 1 - MILESTONE 1
(Below is a compilation of all questions for Unit 1 – Milestone 1. The answers are 100% correct, and it
guaranteed to earn you a perfect score in this unit. For a faster search, just hit on ctrl f on windows, or
command f on mac. Good luck!)
You passed this Milestone
29 questions were answered correctly.
1
“Ugh,” Daniel says as he notices an office memo on his desk. It had been a fun weekend,
and Monday morning came much too soon. He goes to the kitchen to refill his coffee
mug. On the way, he runs into Sean, who asks, “How do you feel about the new office
dress code?”
Which type of question has Sean asked?
• Open and binomial question
• Open question
• Closed question
• Closed and binomial question
RATIONALE
In an open question, a responder can answer how they like. Since Sean can
respond how he wants, this is an open question.
CONCEPT
Question Types
2
Jenae's study ignored the fact that only some of her coffee choices had caffeine, even
though her co-workers preferred caffeinated coffee. Therefore, Jenae decided to label
one type of decaffeinated coffee as having caffeine to see what would happen.
As she anticipated, this coffee became more popular with her co-workers, and they
claimed that the extra boost of caffeine helped them focus on their work.
The growing popularity of the decaffeinated coffee among co-workers, under the
false impression that it gave them extra caffeine, is an example of ________.
• the placebo effect
• a control group
• a treatment group
• a case-control study
RATIONALE
Since no treatment of caffeine was given to these participants in the control group
and they reported an effect, this is what we refer to as the placebo effect.
CONCEPT
Placebo
3
, A travel agency contacted a department store and obtained the list of all people who
made purchases using their credit cards at the store in the last month. The agency then
surveyed a random sample from the list, calling them to ask their preference for air
travel or train travel for taking holidays.
Which of the following types of bias affects the conclusions of the survey?
• Deliberate bias
• Selection bias
• Non-response bias
• Response bias
RATIONALE
Selection bias is when the mode of selection introduces a bias in the sample so that
it is not representative of the population of interest. Since they only collected
information from those using their credit card at a department store, this does not
represent how people travel in general and is therefore an example of selection bias.
CONCEPT
Selection and Deliberate Bias
4
A survey conducted among students in the school cafeteria asked a set of questions
listed below.
Which survey question would produce a qualitative response?
• How many servings of fruit do you eat each day?
• How many cups of fruit juice do you drink daily?
• How many hours do you spend reading books every day?
• What is your favorite dish?
RATIONALE
Qualitative data only describes and cannot be used in arithmetic. A person's favorite
dish can only be measured descriptively and is therefore qualitative.
CONCEPT
Qualitative and Quantitative Data
5
Which of these random samples represents a representative sample of the
number of students who enjoy science class?
• 30 students who participated in the science fair
• 30 students who received high grades in their science class last semester
• 30 students in the lunchroom
• 30 students who failed science class last year
RATIONALE
, For a sample to be representative it needs to look like the entire set of interest. By
choosing students in the lunchroom, they are drawing upon all students in the school
and not an unrepresentative one.
CONCEPT
Random & Probability Sampling
6
The owner of a pizza parlor called every fifth person who ordered pizza last week to
rate the pizza.
What type of statistical study is this?
• An observational study
• A survey
• An experiment
• A census
RATIONALE
Since the owner asked patrons about the pizza and gathered information from them,
this is an example of a survey.
CONCEPT
Surveys
7
The following shows the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for the years 2000-2005. All of the
values use a reference year of 1983.
Which of the following is true about the CPI, based on the information?
• $100 in 1983 would be equivalent to $172.40 in 2000.
, • $100 in 2005 would be equivalent to $194.50 in 1983.
• $100 in 2001 would have been worth 189.70 in 1983.
• $100 in 2000 would be equivalent to $183.70 in 2003.
RATIONALE
Recall the CPI gives us a measure of price changes over time and allows us to
transform values in one year to another. The value of the CPI in the base year is
100. This means that for $100 in 1983 is equivalent to$172.4 in 2000.
CONCEPT
Index Number and Reference Value
8
A scientist is conducting a study on the effect of eating chocolate and overall mood. They
believe that gender is a significant factor. The participants are divided by gender. Then,
within each group, participants are randomly assigned to consume either chocolate or a
placebo and then rate their mood for the day. This experiment will run for two weeks.
Which type of experimental design does this situation describe?
• Completely Randomized Design
• Case-Control Design
• Randomized Block Design
• Matched-Pair Design
RATIONALE
Since women are randomly assigned chocolate or placebo, this is a completely
randomized design.
CONCEPT
Randomized Block Design
9
Several scientific and statistical studies have been done to determine whether or not
pollutants in soil increase the incidence of cancer. A study based on many previous
studies summarizes that there is no link between pollutants in soil and cancer.
This kind of statistical study is called a __________.
• Prospective study
• Retrospective study
• Matched-pair design
• Clinical trial
RATIONALE
Since the data has already been collected it is called a retrospective study design.
CONCEPT
Prospective and Retrospective Studies
10
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