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NUR 4323MDC4 Final Study Guide Latest updated
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Exam Notes MDC4 FinalExam Notes MDC4 Final
Parkland Formula
a) 4ml x % BSA x weight (kg)= volume of fluid that needs to be infused
b) ½ of the total volume of fluid in first 8 hours
c) Last half in 16 hours
MAP Calculation
a) MAP= 1/3 * SBP + 2/3 * DBP
Treatment for frostbite
a) Rewarming the skin
a. Rewarm the area using a warm-water bath for 15 to 30 minutes
b. Skin may turn soft and look red or purple
c. You may be encouraged to gently move the affected area as it rewarms.
b) Oral pain medicine
a. The rewarming process can be painful
c) Protecting the injury
a. Once the skin thaws, loosely wrap the area with sterile sheets, towels, or dressing
to protect the skin.
b. May have to protect fingers and toes as they thaw by gently separating them
from each other
c. You may need to elevate the affected area to reduce swelling
d) Debridement (removal of damaged tissue)
a. To heal properly, frostbitten skin needs to be free of damaged, dead or
infected tissue.
e) Whirlpool therapy or physical therapy
a. Hydrotherapy can aid healing by keeping skin clean and naturally removing
dead tissue
b. Pt may be encouraged to move the affected area
f) Antibiotics
a. If the skin or blisters appear to be infected, the doctor may prescribe oral antibiotics
g) TPA
a. IV injection of a drug that helps restore blood flow (thrombolytic) such as TPA.
b. TPA lowers the risk of amputation
c. These drugs can cause serious bleeding and are typically used only in the
most serious situations and within 24 hours of exposure.
h) Wound care
i) Surgery
a. Severe frostbite patients may need surgery or amputation to remove dead
or decaying tissue.
j) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
a. Some patients show improved symptoms after this therapy, but more study
is needed.
, Exam Notes MDC4 Final
Treatment and differences of heat stroke and heat exhaustion
a) Heat exhaustion
a. Symptoms
i. General weakness, increased heavy sweating, a weak but faster HR,
N/V, possible fainting, pale/cold/clammy skin
b. Treatment
i. Stop physical activity, transfer to cool space
ii. Cooling measures (ice water bath, mist skin with water, ice packs,
special cooling blanket)
iii. Rehydration therapy
b) Heat stroke
a. Symptoms
i. Elevated body temperature above 103 F (39.4 C), rapid and strong HR,
loss or change of consciousness, hot, red, dry, or moist skin
b. Treatment
i. Oxygen therapy, IV lines, urinary catheter, continuous cooling (Ice bath,
mist skin with water, ice packs, special cooling blanket), benzodiazepine if
shivering occurs, monitor for multi system organ dysfunction syndrome
and electrolyte imbalances.
Priority assessment in triage
a) ABC’s
Temperature reduction strategies
a) Ice bath, mist skin with water, ice packs, special cooling blanket
Skin injury related to frostbite
a) Frostbite occurs in several stages:
a. Frostnip
i. Mild form of frostbite- does not permanently damage the skin
ii. Continued exposure leads to numbness in the affected area
iii. As the skin warms, the patient may feel pain and tingling.
b. Superficial Frostbite
i. Appears as reddened skin that turns white or pale
ii. The skin may begin to feel warm- a sign of serious skin involvement
iii. If you treat frostbite with rewarming at this stage, the surface of skin
may appear mottled and you may notice stinging, burning, and swelling
iv. Fluid-filled blisters may appear 12 to 36 hours after rewarming the skin
c. Deep (Severe) Frostbite
i. Skin turns white or bluish grey, and the patient may experience
numbness, losing all sensation of cold, pain, or discomfort in the affected
area.
ii. Joints/muscles may no longer work
, Exam Notes MDC4 Final
iii. Large blisters form 24-48 hours after rewarming. Afterwards, the area
turns black and hard as the tissue dies.
Rationale for arrythmias in hypothermia
a) The risk of cardiac arrest increases as the core temperature drops below 32°C, and increases
substantially if the temperature reaches less than 28°C (Brown et al. 2012). At this level, a
severe depression of critical body functions occurs
Blunt chest injury assessment
a) Primary assessment treatments
a. Based on the mechanism of injury, consider manual stabilization of the cervical
spine until a more complete spinal exam can be accomplished. Establish and
maintain a patent airway while determining the patient's level of consciousness
using the AVPU scale. If the patient is not fully awake or alert, manual airway
positioning and basic airway adjuncts such as an OPA or NPA may be needed.
Suctioning an airway filled with blood or emesis may be necessary.
b) Seal chest wounds
a. Any open chest wound should be sealed as soon as it is found, using the palm of
a gloved hand at first, followed by an occlusive dressing.
c) Relieve tension pneumothorax
a. Tachypnea, hypopnea (shallow breathing) and accessory muscle use are key
indicators of respiratory distress or failure. Expose the chest and auscultate
lung fields immediately. Diminished sounds over one side may indicate a loss of
lung capacity, either from a hemothorax, pneumothorax or both.
b. Inspect the neck and chest area. Jugular venous distension may indicate greater
than normal pressure within the chest cavity, possibly related to a developing
tension pneumothorax. Hyperinflation of the chest over one side is another sign
related to a tension pneumothorax. If the patient's mental status worsens and
blood pressure falls, a decompression of the tension pneumothorax using a long,
large gauge angiocatheter is needed to relieve the excessive pressure in the chest.
d) Control hemorrhage
a. Control any major external bleeding immediately with direct pressure. It will be
difficult to create a pressure dressing, as is more commonly seen with extremity
injuries. Manual pressure may be needed to stop the bleeding. Recognize that the
chance of active bleeding inside the chest is significant and emergent transport to
a trauma center is needed.
e) Package for transport
a. Unless there are clear signs of neurological deficit, avoid placing the patient with
penetrating chest trauma in spinal precautions. Being supine may worsen
respiratory distress and delay transport.
b. In general, on-scene management of chest trauma should be done with BLS
interventions, with the intent to begin transport to a trauma center as soon as
feasible. With the exception of the needle decompression, other advanced
level procedures are best done while en route.
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