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Biology ,Physics Notes forIntermiate
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In this document, there is information relating to different topics discussed in Pre-Medical course at intermediate level.
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Biological MethodIntroduction:
Science is a systemized knowledge.
Like other sciences, biological sciences also have a set
methodology.
It is based on experimental inquiry.
Definition:
"Biological method is the systemic way to study a living thing.”
Steps:
Biological method involves the following the methods.
Observations
Hypothesis
Theory
Law
Observations:
Biological method always begins with chance observation.
Observations are made with five senses viz, vision, hearing, smell,
qualitative and quantitative.
Quantitative observations have accuracy over qualitative as the
former variables are measurable and are recorded in terms of
numbers.
Hypothesis:
Definitions:
, “Hypothesis is the tentative explanation of observation.”
An observer organizes observations into data form and gives a
statement as per experience and background knowledge of the
event. This statement is the hypothesis.
Hypothesis are subjected to rigorous testing.
Ways to formulate hypothesis:
There are two ways of formulating hypothesis.
A hypothesis can be the result of deductive reasoning
It can be the consequence of inductive reasoning.
By Intuition or imagination
By Esthetic preference
By Religious or philosophical ideas
By Comparison and analogy with other processes
By Discovery of one thing while looking for some other.
Deductive Reasoning:
“Deductive reasoning moves from the general to the specific (DGS).”
It involves drawing specific conclusion from some general
principles/assumptions.
Deductive logic of “if………. then” is frequently used to frame
testable hypothesis.
For example, if we accept that all birds have wings (premise # 1) ,
and that sparrows are birds(premise # 2), then we conclude that
sparrows have wings.
If all green plants require sunlight for photosynthesis, then any
green plant when placed in dark would not synthesize glucose,
the end product of photosynthesis.
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