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Class notes Psychology 223 (PSY223)
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Abnormal PsychologyAbnormal psychology
What is abnormal psychology?
Who determines "normal" versus "abnormal" psychology?
What makes someone have a mental disorder?
Psychopathology is the study, nature and development of abnormal/disorders
Affect
Behaviour
Cognition
Functionally, abnormal/disorder is usually determined by the presence of several
characteristics at one time such as:
Statistical frequency
Violation of norms
Personal suffering
Disability or dysfunction
Unexpectedness
History of Mental Health Disorders
History helps us understand the state of current mental health
Somatogensis
Hippocrates separated medical from magic, religion and
superstition
Demonology
Loss of reason = witchcraft
Asylums
Bedlam and mental health tourism
Moral treatment
Move toward humanitarianism
Classification systems
Kraeplin's conceptualization of syndromes is the precursor to modern
classification systems
Scientific
Evidence based, collaborative, improvement/recovery focus
Always evolving
Paradigms
A paradigm is a scientific conceptual framework
Historically, there are 4 main paradigms in abnormal psychology
, Integrative approaches are more widely accepted today in abnormal
psychology
Biological Paradigm
Medical model or disease model
o Mental health disorders are biological process
o More relevant for some disorders than others
Dementia versus personality disorders
Genetics and neuroscience
o Behavior genetics: genotypes and phenotype
Study through families, twins and adoptees
o Neuroscience: the role of neurotransmitters
Treatment: biological intervention
o Medications, surgery and others
Cognitive Behavior Paradigm
Behaviourism: focus on observable behaviour and learned responses
o Classical and operant conditioning
Behaviour Therapy
o Counter conditioning, exposure and operant conditioning
Still widely used, often in isolation and often
using a cognitive behaviour focus
Children, depression
How people categorize and conceptualize experiences, how they make
sense of them and how the relate past to current
o Our perceptions and meanings when making sense of
information
o Schemas: organized network of accumulated knowledge
(can be identified and reorganized)
Used today, efficient and effective
o Cognitive behavioural therapy
Psychoanalytic Paradigm (not used often today)
Psychopathology from unconscious conflicts
o Brief psychodynamic therapy and interpersonal process
therapy
o Defense mechanisms
Humanistic Paradigm
Improve insight and awareness
o Improve insight and awareness
, o Idea of unconditional positive regard remains an important
in therapy
Additional Influences: Psychosocial
Factors outside self influencing mental health
o Family: parenting styles, relationship discord, and parent
illness
Adverse childhood events accumulate and predict
adult and mental health
o Peers: status and victimization
Additional Influences: Culture
A consideration of group characteristics is important and is part of a
specialty called minority mental health
o The major paradigms have on occasion been revised to assist
clinicians in their work with people from different cultural
backgrounds
Psychology was developed within a mjority culture and today still
struggles to be more culturally responsive
Culture affects how people present, understand and support mental
health disorders
Varies among cultures and among individuals who identify with the
culture
Concept of "cultural humility"
o Do not make assumptions about culture, collaborative with
person, family, system you are in
Additional Influences: Psychosocial
- factors outside self influencing mental health
Peers
Status and victimization
Family: parenting styles, relationship discord and parent
illness
Importance of "adverse childhood events"
Accumulate and predict adult physical mental health
Social Determinants of Mental Health
Poverty
Homelessness
Unemployment
Isolation
Integrative Paradigms
Two main integrative paradigms:
, Diathesis-stress Paradigm
Biopsychosocial Paradigm
Integrative paradigms allow for the additional factors that are important
to understanding the client/family/system but also allow for more
traditional paradigms to be integrated
Both paradigms emphasize the interplay among the biological,
psychological and social environmental perspectives
Diathesis-Stress Paradigm
Not limited to one particular school of thought, but focuses on the
interaction between predisposition toward disease (diathesis) and
environmental, or life, disturbances (stress)
Constitutional predisposition toward illness:
Any characteristics or set of characteristics
that increases a person's chance of
developing a disorder
Genetic, psychological, environmental
factors can be predisposing to the
development of mental disorder
Possessing the diathesis for a disorder
increases a person's risk of developing it but
does not guarantee that the disorder will
develop.
It is a stress part of diathesis-stress that
accounts for how a diathesis may be
translated into an actual disorder
Psychopathology is unlikely to result from
any single factor
Biopsychosocial paradigm
Biological psychological and social factors are conceptualized as
different levels of analysis or subsystems within the paradigm
Also not limited to a particular school of thought
Explanations for causes of disorders typically involved
complex interactions among many biological,
psychological and socio-environmental and
sociocultural factors
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