A complete set of notes on the DNA + RNA & Chromosomes + Meiosis Section of the IEB Matric / Grade 12 Syllabus for Life Sciences (Biology). Includes colourful diagrams as well as detailed descriptions of various processes. Contents: DNA, DNA Replication + RNA, Protein Synthesis (Transcription + Tra...
, 3,1 DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID - DNA
Chromatin Where DNA is Found Units that Make up DNA The Role of DNA DNA Structure
Chromosomal material made DNA is found mainly in the nucleus A DNA molecule is a long chain DNA molecules:
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up of DNA, RNA and histone of the cell, where it forms an (polymer) made up of small units - Carry hereditary info in each
• A Adenine
proteins as found in a non- important part of the (monomers) - nucleotides made of a: cell in the form of genes
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dividing cell chromosomes that make up the - (S) Sugar molecule (deoxyribose) - Provide a blueprint for an
• T Thymine
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chromatin network - (P) Phosphate molecule organism's growth and
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The DNA molecule is coiled, so - Nitrogenous base which may be: development (protein synthesis) G Guanine
that the long structures can fit - (A) Adenine - (T) Thymine - Can replicate - ensures genetic
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inside the nucleus - (G) Guanine - (C) Cytosine code is passed on to each .
Mammot
C h Cytosine
These 4 bases are the foundation daughter cell formed during cell
Extracellular DNA of the genetic code instructing cells division
Small amounts of DNA are found outside on how to synthesise enzymes and Overview of DNA Replication
the nucleus in mitochondria in plants and other proteins Non-Coding DNA The process of making a new DNA molecule from
animals and in chloroplasts in plants 4 Nitrogenous bases = 4 Nucleotides - Protein-coding regions of a
•
an existing DNA molecule that is identical to the
DNA molecule are called exons original molecule
How DNA is Made up How Organisms Differ and they are interrupted by the This takes place during interphase (in between cell
The 4 nucleotides are the same in all non-coding regions called introns division) in the cycle of a cell
I plants and animals
S
•
- Complex organisms contain
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more non-coding DNA than less- Why Replication is Necessary
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The shape of DNA is rather like a Baggi
Pe T complex organisms The DNA needs to produce another molecule
long, twisted ladder The sequence of the nucleotides - Non-coding regions actually
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that is exactly the same as itself to ensure
The two strands twist to form a (bases) determines the genetic code form functional RNA molecules that the genetic code is passed on to each new
stable, 3-dimensional double helix of an organism which have regulatory functions daughter cell formed during cell devision
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