summary nur 2063 nur2063 essentials of pathophysiology exam 2 blueprint latest 2021 2022 rasmussen
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SUMMARY NUR 2063 / NUR2063: ESSENTIALS OF
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 BLUEPRINT (LATEST )
RASMUSSEN
GI disorders
• Dysphagia Difficulty swallowing
o Causes Nero disease: Parkinson’s, dementias, muscular dystrophy, Huntington’s, ALS, MN,
Guillain Barre Syndrome. Other: Congenital issues/cerebral palsy, Esophageal stenosis,
esophageal diverticula, tumors, stroke, achalasia
• Vomiting – why and consequences Why: protect against substance, reverse peristalsis, increase
intracranial pressure, severe pain. Consequences: lead to fluid, electrolyte, pH imbalance,
aspiration
o Emesis types and why the emesis would be a problem Hematemesis: blood in vomit (protein),
Yellow/green: presence of bile. Deep brown: fecal matter. Undigested food
o Treatment of vomiting disorders Antiemetic med., fluid replacement, correct
electrolyte imbalance, restore acid-base
o Gastritis/gastroenteritis
▪ Acute: Can be mild, transient irritation or can be severe ulceration with hemorrhage
▪ Usually develops suddenly
▪ Likely to also have nausea & epigastric pain
▪ Chronic: Develops gradually
▪ May be asymptomatic but usually accompanied by dull epigastric pain and a sensation of
fullness after minimal intake
▪ Eat small frequent meals; high Fowler’s positioning, Weight loss; stress reduction;
Antacids; acid reducing agent; mucosal barrier agents, Herbal therapies (licorice,
chamomile), Surgery
▪ Complications: Esophagitis; strictures; ulcerations; esophageal cancer;
chronic pulmonary disease
• GI tract disorders
o Peptic ulcer disease
▪ Duodenal: Most commonly associated with excess acid or H.pylori infections,
Typically present with epigastric pain relieved by food
▪ Gastric: Less frequent; more deadly, Typically associated with malignancy and
NSAIDs, Pain worsens with food
▪ Symptoms
▪ Curling’s ulcer from what: associated with burns
▪ Cushing’s ulcer from what: associated with head injuries
▪ Complications of ulcers: GI hemorrhage; obstruction; perforation; peritonitis
▪ Manifestations: Epigastric or abdominal pain, Abdominal cramping,
Heartburn; indigestion, N/V
▪ Diagnosis: same as gastritis
▪ Treatment: Same as for gastritis, Surgical repair may be necessary for perforated
or bleeding ulcers, Prevention is crucial – may need prophylactic medications (ex:
acid-
reducers) for at-risk clients
o Gallbladder disorders
▪ Cholelithiasis: Gallbladder stones
▪ Cholecystitis: Inflammation or infection in the biliary system caused by calculi
▪ Manifestations: Biliary colic; abdominal distension; N/V; jaundice; fever; leukocytosis
▪ Diagnosis: H & P; abdominal Xray; gallbladder US; laparoscopy
▪ Treatments: Low-fat diet, medications to dissolve calculi, Antibiotic therapy, NG
tube with intermittent sxn, Lithotripsy, Choledochostomy, Laparoscopic surgery
o Liver disorders
▪ Hepatitis – infectious: A, B, C, D, E vs. noninfectious: Giant cell hepatitis, Ischemic
hepatitis, Non-alcoholic fatty liver hepatitis, Autoimmune hepatitis, Toxic & drug-
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