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BIOL 101 Study Guide Quiz 4, Verified And Correct Answers, Liberty University.
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BIOL 101STUDY GUIDE: QUIZ 4,LIBERTY UNIVERSITY
STUDY GUIDE: QUIZ 4
Quiz Preparation Tasks: Your Answers andNotes
7 Information and Its Expression in the
Cell
7. The Expression of Biological Information
3
A Context for Understanding Gene Expression
When an organism expresses its set of genes, the result is all the visible phenotype
characteristics of that organism. These characteristics are called its
______________.
The term “transcription” means the process of reading a base sequence in the DNA, RNA (mRNA)
molecule _____ to generate a complementary base sequence in the molecule
m_____.
Why is the word “translation” used for protein production?Which “language” is Protein production is the process of converting the language of RNA
being converted (or “decoded”) into which other “language”? nucleotides into the language of amino acids in
proteins.During translation, the information contained in the order
of nucleotides in mRNA is used to determine the amino acid
sequence of a polypeptide. Before the primary transcript can leave
the nucleus it is modified in various ways during RNA
processing before the finished mRNA is exported to the cytoplasm.
mRNA plays a central role in the expression of genes. View the center of Information from DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then
Figure 7.15. Which molecule does mRNA’s information come from by transported to ribosomes. Information for mRNA comes from a
transcription? What cytoplasmic organelle does that information finally end up DNA molecule by transcription; this information is finally
at? What is its product? transported to cytoplasmic ribosomes; base sequence is translated
into a sequence of amino acids (simple proteins/polypeptides).
Describe 2major problems that transcription solves for the cell. 1. Selectivity (We must have a way to use information
selectively and sequentially.)
2. the limitation of space for processing the information (We
can’t jam all those materials and ribosomes into the cell’s
nucleus.)
Transcription: Using Some Genes Now and Some Not at All
, BIOL 101
In order to elongate mRNA, RNA polymerase must dislodge the _______ RNA
strand from its temporary pairing with DNA. (See Fig 7.19 and associated
paragraph.)
In order to elongate mRNA, RNA polymerase must __________ the RNA proofread
strand to remove and replace copying errors. (See Fig 7.19 and associated
paragraph.)
Which RNA product gets incorporated into the structure of a ribosome, and rRNAs – Ribosomal RNA’s, they are folded structurally into
then helps the ribosome to recognize how and where to begin their work? ribosome subunits, where they play a critical role in helping
ribosomes recognize how and where to begin their work.
Following the transcription event in your own cells, list four parts of the overall -A guanosine ribonucleotide “cap” is added to the front end of RNA
processing of pre-mRNA in the cell’s nucleus. See Figure 7.20. (Snipping and -A long poly-adenine tail is added to the end of RNA
rejoining are two separate parts of the processing.) -Intron regions are spliced out of the mRNA
-Some exon regions of the mRNA are spliced together
Processing of Pre-mRNA
There are three elements to pre-mRNA processing. Unit of
transcription in DNA strand transcribed into pre-mRNA (a) A single
guanine nucleotide is added as a “cap” to facilitate initial alignment
of the message on the ribosome. (b) A poly-adenine “tail” is added
to the message to control its longevity in the cytoplasm. (c) Introns
and some exons are excised from the message leaving only the exons
that will encode the desired protein product.
In the cell nucleus a pre-mRNA has its introns removed by ________ enzymes. Splicing enzymes - small particles composed of protein and RNA
that attach to pre-mRNA at junction points between introns and
exons; they cut RNA at these sites, remove intron sequences, leaving
exon sequences contiguous to each other
Translation: Making Proteins
There are 20 kinds of amino acids in proteins (That’s more than the number of Codons - a sequence of three adjacent nucleotide bases in mRNA
kinds of mRNA bases (4) available to code for them!). Yet each kind of amino that code for a single amino acid in a sequence within a polypeptide
acid must be coded for in mRNA which has only four kinds of bases. Thus, a chain or protein
short sequence of mRNA bases called a(n) _________ is used to code for each
amino acid in the translation process. See Table 7.2
What is a general name for a three-dimensional, folded molecule shaped like an tRNA (transfer RNA)
“L” with an anticodon at one end and an amino acid attachment site at the other
end? See Fig. 7.23
In the translation process, tRNA molecules are also called “adapter” molecules. By binding to mRNA codons properly, they arrange amino acids in
Why? What molecule does their “anti-codon” sequence bind to? See Figs. the correct sequene needed for translation. Each (tRNA synthetases)
7.24, 7.25 and 7.26. What is their net effect on amino acids as shown in Figure is capable of bonding the one amino acid it recognizes to any of the
7.26 e, f? one to four tRNAs whose anticodons complement the correct codon
for that amino acid.
Transferring correct amino acids to the ribosome during elongation: this is a tRNA
good description of the role of the molecule ________ in the cell’s cytoplasm.
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