This document contains notes on organic chemistry from the IEB SAGS. It also includes all the IEB definitions from the SAGS that are you are required to learn as well as explanations of the several concepts in this section.
>
study of compounds which
mainly contain carbon and hydrogen
Unique chemistry of carbon
> can form 4 covalent bonds in excited state
>
undergoes hybridization (Corben having valency of 4)
>
carbon atoms bond with other carbon atoms to form long chains ( catenation )
/ tribe bonds
single / double
>
Important features of carbon
1. Carbon can exist as different allotropes (different crystalline structures of the same element)
different arrangements leads to substances having different properties
-
2. Carbon will form 4 bonds in
organic chemistry
3. The process of hybridization :
Ground state addition of a small
> Excited state
Zp of Zp
amount
energy
25 25
IS IS
H
H C H
1. Representation
a) Structural formulae : all the bonds and atoms
H
b) Semi structural formulae
-
: all the bonds CH ,
-
CH z CHZ CH }
c) Condensed structural formulae double It ripple bonds CH} CH CHCH }
only
:
d) Shortened condensed structural formulae double It ripple bonds (
only repeating components
:
of the compound are shown in brackets ) ( Hs kHz )zCH}
e) Molecular formulae : number and types of atoms Catto
, hydrocarbon -
compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms
functional group -
an atom / group of atoms that form the centre of chemical activity
in the molecule
2. Classification ( homologous series )
>
a series of similar compounds which have the same functional group and
have the same general formula ,
in which each member differs from the
are solids at room temperature
>
general formula
:
Cn Hantz functional group : saturated hydrocarbons
Alkenes
Unsaturated ( double bond ) H H
hydrocarbons
>
(important Comercial organic chemical and polythene ) H C C H
:
> ethene makes
simplest alkene
>
general formula
:
Cn Hzn
Hzc CH CH z CH }
But 1- ene
carbon carbon bond
functional group double
-
: -
Alkynes
Unsaturated ( triple bond )
hydrocarbons
>
C C H
>
ethyne (simplest alkyne ) H
>
general formula
:
Cn Hzn -2
HC C CH , CH }
But -
l -
yne
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