NR 508 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Cardiovascular management:
1. Know Initial treatment choices for HTN
AceI- sartans
Arbs- ipine, verapamil & diltazem
Thiazide- iaside, chlorthalidone, imdapamide, metolazone
calcium channel blocker
2. Know first line treatment options for HTN for African Americans
without renal impairment.
Calcium channel blockers
Thiazide
3. First line option for HTN for anyone with chronic kidney disease
Ace inhibitors
ARB’s
Diuretics:
4. Types, Uses, Side effects
Thiazides (HCTZ)
Uses- HTN, CHF, edema, useful in decreases calcium stone formation
Off label HCTZ- osteoporosis and diabetes
AE- hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, arrhythmias, metabolic alkalosis, fatigue,
postural Hypotension
Loop diuretics (furosemide, torsemide, ethacrynic acid) *preferred diuretics
for renal
Impairment
Uses- CFH, HTN, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, pulmonary edema
AE-hypocalcemia, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, ototoxicity
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide) *weak diuretic
Uses- edema, epilepsy, glaucoma, mountain sickeness
AE- toxic epidermal necrolysis, agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia,
thrombocytopenia, metabolic acidosis
Potassium-sparing (spironolactone, eplerenone)
Uses- CHF (in combo with thiazides or ACE and loop), HTN
AE-gynomastia, n/v, erectile dysfuction, electrolyte imbalance, metabolic
acidosis
**postdiuretic sodium retention- It is important for pts to adhere to a low
sodium diet. As drug concentrations fall, there is a period of positive sodium
balance
** If a pt has a sulfa allergy= take ethacrynic acid
1
, 5. Preferred diuretic with renal impairment-
Loop diuretics because they retain efficacy even with moderate renal
insufficiency: such as furosemide, buetanide, torsemide, ethacrynic acid.
Uses: Edematous states (HF, cirrhosis, pulmonary edema, nephrotic
syndrome), hypercalcemia
6. Side effect of post diuretic sodium retention pg 374
As drug concentrations decrease, period of + Na balance, this is the post
diuretic sodium retention
If there is a high Na intake then Na lost with diuresis is offset.. diuretic
resistance
7. Recognition that some diuretics are sulfa derivatives (carbonic
anhydrase inhibitors, loop diuretics, thiazides, but NOT ethacrynic
acid)
Loops- Examples: furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide, ethacrynic acid
"The Loop FURiously BUMmed my TORSo like ACID"
Common side effects: orthostatic hypotension, excessive diuresis, tinnitus,
vertigo, hyperuricemia note all these are precursors to toxicity
Thiazides Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorothoazide, , Chlorthalidone,
Indapamide, Metolazone
1st line for HTN, Chronic Calcium Kidney Stones, HF, Idiopathic
hypercalciuria, Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, Osteoporosis. Other
common side effects: orthostatic hypotension, dizzy, drowsy, syncope,
weakness, nausea, GI irritation, elevated BUN, depressed respirations
lethargy
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors- Acetazolamide N/V/D, Drowsy, Parathesis,
confusion, tinnitus, myopia, anorexia, change in taste; polyuria, mild
electrolyte changes
Uses: Edematous states ( HF, cirrhosis, pulmonary edema, nephrotic
syndrome), hypercalcemia
Ethacrynic Acid
Note it's the only diuretic with "acid" in its name
8. Management of edema
Loops for volume excess
9. CHF drugs including diuretic choices
1- Loops -fluid
2- ACEIs or ARBs
3-BB - Diastolic after stable (B-Day)
4- Digoxin - Systolic , AFib, (Dig A Syst)
5- Spironolactone - if above not effective
2
, 6- Nitrates & Hydralazine *AA only* Think Michael Jordan goes Hy in his
NIkes
CCBs ( Amlodipine/Felodipine) only for angina or HTN if EF is preserved
2- Clinical pearls for CHF- Improve SX: ACEIs, ARBs, BBs (metoprolol,
Bisoprolol, Carvedilol) , Dig ( only after diuretics & ACEIs)
Prolong survival: ACEIs, ARBS, BB, Hydralazine/Nitrates(AA only)
Aldosterone Antagonists
BB NEVER IN ACTIVE FAILURE
Dig does not improve mortality but improves SX decreases Hospitalization..
CAUTION:: Loops without Spironolactone **with hyperkalemia DIG CAN
BECOME TOXIC"
Neuro/Psych:
10. Know migraine management and prophylactics (see migraine lecture)
dark, quiet room
*NSAIDS or APAP
*Triptans (sumatriptan/imitrex, zolmatriptan/zomig, rizatriptan/maxalt)
-nasal, oral, subq
-use no more than 2d/wk
-CI-recent use of MAOIs, ergots, or SSRIs, CVD, CAD, TIA, HTN,
pregnancy
*Ergots (ergotamine tartrate/cafergot) not used often, expensive
-nasal, oral, rectal, IM, IV, siblingual
-CI-recent use of triptans, CVD, CAD, TIA, HTN, pregnancy
*Caffeine (Excedrin)
*antiemetics
Migraine prevention
*beta blockers (metoprolol, propranolol, timolol)
-takes 2-3 months for full benefit- can decrease frequency and severity by
50%
-AE- drowsiness, exercise intolerance, depression
-CI-CHF, asthma
*anticonvulsants (valproate, topiramate) effective but both have major AE
-valproate AE- dizziness, platelet dysfunction, hair loss, hepatotoxic,
teratogenic
-topiramate AE- cognitive dysfunction, weight loss, renal stones
*butterbur- PA free only, otherwise can cause liver damage and severe
illness
11. Herbal migraine management
3
