Rasmussen College: NUR 2502 MDC 3 – Exam 1 Blueprint_ LATEST 2021/2022
Breast Cancer
Patho:
- Impaired cellular regulation in the breast tissue. One single cell that grows and multiplies in epithelial cells in one or more of the mammary ducts or lobules
Risk Factors:
- Increased age
- f...
Breast Cancer
Patho:
- Impaired cellular regulation in the breast tissue. One single cell that grows and multiplies in
epithelial cells in one or more of the mammary ducts or lobules
Risk Factors:
- Increased age
- family history
- early menarche
- nulliparity
- late menopause
- lack of breastfeeding
- postmenopausal obesity
- smoking/alcohol consumption
- positive BRCA 1
or 2 Assessment:
- Lump in the breast, changes in the size, shape or appearance of a breast, changes to the skin
over the breast such as dimpling, a newly inverted nipple, peeling, scaling, crusting, or flaking
of areola or breast skin, peau d’ orange, tender, firm, enlarged or itchy breast.
Diagnosis:
- Mammogram, tomosynthesis, ultrasound, MRI, chest x-ray, CT scan, liver enzymes,
serum calcium, alkaline phosphate
Treatment:
- Non-surgical: vitamins, diets, and herbal therapy
- Surgical: lumpectomy, mastectomy (partial, total, or radical)
- Adjuvant: radiation, chemo or combo, drug therapy, stem cell transplant therapy
Self-screening and mammogram recommendations:
- Self-breast exam MONTHLY for all women 7-10 days after menstruation starts
- 45-54 mammograms every year
- Screening should continue as long as a woman is in good health
- Those with risk factors start screening earlier
Fibrocystic Breast Disorder
Patho:
- Non-cancerous, lumpy breast
texture Risk Factors:
- Hormone replacement therapy
- 20-50 years
old Assessment:
- breast
pain/tenderness/lumps
Diagnosis:
- Clinical breast exam
- Mammogram
- Ultrasound
- Fine-needle aspiration
- Breast
biopsy Treatment:
- Analgesics
- Limit salt intake before menses
- Wear supportive bra at all times
- Ice or heat may help
- Reduce or eliminate caffeine, dairy product
- Needle aspiration may be necessary
- Oral contraceptives or selective estrogen receptor modulators may be prescribed to help with hormona
imbalance
Endometrial Cancer
,Patho:
- Most common reproductive cancer of the inner uterine lining. Adenocarcinoma is the most
common tumor type. It arises from the glandular part of the endometrium and usually follows
endometrial hyperplasia (overgrowth)
- Stages of Endometrial Cancer:
Stage 1: endometrium only
Stage 2: endometrium, cervix
Stage 3: endometrium, cervix, vagina, lymph nodes
Stage 4: endometrium, cervix, vagina, lymph nodes, bowel and bladder
, Risk Factors:
- women in reproductive years
- family history
- diabetes mellitus
- hypertension
- obesity
- uterine polyps
- late menopause
- nulliparity
- smoki
ng
Assessment:
- The main symptom of endometrial cancer is postmenopausal bleeding. Ask the patient how
many tampons or pads they use each day.
- Other symptoms include low pelvic pain, watery and bloody vaginal discharge, low
back/abdominal pain. Ask the patient to describe where the pain is and perform a pelvic
examination.
Diagnosis:
- CBC’s because of blood loss and serum tumor markers CA-125
- -transvaginal ultrasound and endometrial biopsy **GOLD STANDARD**
- Chest x-ray, abdominal US, CT of pelvis, MRI of the abdomen and pelvis.
Treatment:
- Surgical: total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
- Nonsurgical: radiation, chemotherapy, drug therapy.
Cervical Cancer
Patho:
- The uterine cervix is covered with squamous cells on the outer cervix and columnar
(glandular) cells that line the endocervical canal. Most cervical cancers arise from the
squamous cells on the outside of the cervix. The other cancers arise from the mucus-secreting
glandular cells (adenocarcinoma) in the endocervical canal.
Risk Factors:
- HPV or STI
- smoking
- having multiple full-term pregnancies
- age (late-teens-early 30’s most at risk)
- no access for screening
- oral
contraceptives
Assessment:
- (hematuria) painless vaginal bleeding, unexplained weight loss, dysuria (painful urination),
pelvic pain, chest pain, rectal bleeding.
- Pap smear will be performed to visualize the tumor if it is visible.
Diagnosis:
- Pap smear
- colposcopy-visualizing the characteristics of cells by using a light.
- endocervical curettage (scraping of the uterine lining-may
cause bleeding) Treatment:
- LEEP (loop electrosurgical excision procedure)- a thin loop wire electrode that transmits a
painless electrical current is used to cut away affected tissue.
- Chemotherapy, radiation, cryotherapy, laser therapy, total hysterectomy, conization
Cervical ablation- post op care:
- No sexual intercourse
- No tampons / douche
- No baths (showers only)
- No fragrant soaps on vagina
- Avoid lifting heavy objects
- report vaginal bleeding
Uterine Leiomyoma/Fibroid
Patho:
- benign, slow-growing solid tumors of the uterine myometrium. Classified by the location.
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