BIOD 102 Module 2 Problem SetDue No due date Points 5 Questions 18 Time Limit None
Attempt History
Attempt Time Score
LATEST Attempt 1 142 minutes 5 out of 5
Score for this quiz: 5 out of 5
Submitted Jul 16 at 11:13pm
This attempt took 142 minutes.
Question 1 0 / 0 pts
What are the five typ...
7192020 module 2 problem set essential biology ii with lab correll httpsnursingabcinstructurecomcourses514quizzes16836moduleitemid50609 115 biod 102 module 2 problem set due no due d
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7/19/2020 Module 2 Problem Set: Essential Biology II with Lab- Correll
BIOD 102 Module 2 Problem Set
Due No due date Points 5 Questions 18 Time Limit None
Attempt History
Attempt Time Score
LATEST Attempt 1 142 minutes 5 out of 5
Score for this quiz: 5 out of 5
Submitted Jul 16 at 11:13pm
This attempt took 142 minutes.
Question 1 pts
What are the five types of endocrine signaling? Briefly describe each.
Your Answer:
The endocrine system may use long-distance signaling (endocrine
signaling), local signaling (paracrine signaling and autocrine signaling), or
signaling that overlaps with nervous system components (synaptic
signaling and neuroendocrine signaling) to transport ligands to target
cells.
Endocrine signaling is a form of long-distance signaling in which ligands
are released and travel through the blood to reach a target cell, which
could be anywhere within the body.
Paracrine signaling is a type of local signaling in which secreted ligands
diffuse to target cells that are close to the secreting cells.
Autocrine signaling is another type of local signaling in which the cell
releasing the ligand is also the target cell of the very same ligand.
Synaptic signaling is a type of local signaling in which the ligand diffuses
across a synapse. Recall that a synapse is a specialized gap between a
neuron and the target cell.
https://nursingabc.instructure.com/courses/514/quizzes/16836?module_item_id=50609 1/15
,7/19/2020 Module 2 Problem Set: Essential Biology II with Lab- Correll
Neuroendocrine signaling is another type of long-distance signaling in
which ligands are transported through the blood to any part of the body;
this is the ‘endocrine’ piece.
Endocrine signaling is long-distance signaling; ligands are
released and must travel through the blood to reach a target
cell, which could be anywhere within the body. Paracrine
signaling is a type of local signaling in which secreted ligands
diffuse to target cells that are close to the secreting cells.
Autocrine signaling is another type of local signaling in which
the cells releasing the ligand are also the target cells of the
very same ligand. Synaptic signaling is a local type of
signaling in which the ligand diffuses across a synapse.
Neuroendocrine signaling is a type of long-distance signaling
that involves neurons of the nervous system.
Question 2 pts
What type of receptors do hydrophilic hormones bind to? Hydrophobic?
Your Answer:
Hormones may be hydrophilic (water-soluble) or hydrophobic (lipid-
soluble). Hydrophilic hormones include polypeptides and some amine
hormones, which are derived from amino acids. Generally, hydrophilic
hormones will bind to an external receptor anchored within the plasma
membrane of target cells. In contrast, hydrophobic hormones include
steroid hormones and other kinds of amines.
Hydrophilic hormones usually bind to extracellular cell
surface receptors, such as GPCRs. Hydrophobic hormones
usually bind to intracellular receptors in the cytosol.
, 7/19/2020 Module 2 Problem Set: Essential Biology II with Lab- Correll
Question 3 pts
List the 3 classes of hormones and give one example of each.
Your Answer:
Hormones are molecules that are synthesized within the body and
secreted into the blood where they act as signaling molecules. In general,
hormones maintain homeostasis and regulate many physiological
responses.
Polypeptide hormones are composed of short chains of amino acids.
Because these proteins are soluble in water, they will bind to external G-
protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) of the target cell. The target cells are
often a specific type of endocrine tissue, and binding of the peptide
hormone directs pathways that result in the activation of second
messengers and, ultimately, the production of steroid hormones. Some
examples of peptide hormones include insulin, adrenocorticotropin and
luteinizing hormone.
Amines are a class of hormones that may be either water-soluble or lipid-
soluble and share characteristics of both steroid and peptide hormones.
Amine hormones all have a similar structure and are derivatives of the
amino acid tyrosine. If an amine is water-soluble, it will bind to a cell
surface receptor, but if it is lipid-soluble, it will bind to an intracellular
receptor. Epinephrine (adrenaline) is an example of a water-soluble amine
that binds to cell surface receptors of the target cells. Lipid-soluble
examples of amines include the thyroid hormones thyroxine and
triiodothyronine.
Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble derivatives of cholesterol. Because
steroids are non-polar and not soluble in water, they require carrier
molecules to assist with transport through the bloodstream. Additionally,
steroids do not bind to cell surface receptors but rather pass through the
cell membrane and bind intracellularly to directly change gene expression
in the target cell. Examples of steroids include cortisol, aldosterone,
estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.
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