NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam 1 Review Sheet (Modules 1,2 & 3)
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Course
NURS 2063
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NURS 2063
Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam 1 Review Sheet
Covers Modules 1, 2, and 3 – Chapters 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 24, 51, 52, 53
1. Define pathophysiology. What does the study of pathophysiology include?
• PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: The study of all the abnormalities in physiologic function of livin...
• pathophysiology the study of all the abnormalities in physiologic function of living beings
etiology causesreasons of disease this id’s causal factors for dz
pathogenesis evolution of dz fr
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Essentials of Pathophysiology –
Exam 1 Review Sheet
Covers Modules 1, 2, and 3 – Chapters 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10,
24, 51, 52, 53
1. Define pathophysiology. What does the study of pathophysiology include?
• PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: The study of all the abnormalities in physiologic
function of living beings.
o Derives from 2 disciplines:
Patho meaning Dx of diseases through exam of organs, tissues, and cells.
Physiology meaning Mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions.
o There are FOUR parts of pathophysiology:
1- Etiology: causes/reasons of disease. This ID’s causal factors for Dz
2- Pathogenesis: Evolution of Dz from the initial stimulus to ultimate
manifestations of the Dz. (GENESIS = CREATE)
2. Review terms such as signs, symptoms, acute, chronic, exacerbation,
remission, convalescence, and sequela
• Signs: objective/observed manifestations
o Ex: rash, change in temperature
• Symptoms: Subjective
o Ex: pain, nausea
• Acute: short-lived.
• Chronic: lasts for months/years
• Exacerbation: increase in severity
• Remission: decrease in severity
• Remission: decrease in severity
• Convalescence: Stage of recovery
• Sequela: subsequent pathological condition resulting from an illness
o Ex: renal failure 2/2 HTN
o
3. What is epidemiology? Review the different levels of disease prevention
such as primary, secondary, and tertiary as well as examples for each.
• Epidemiology is the study of study and analysis of the distribution, patterns
and determinants of health and conditions in defined populations.
o Primary level: altering susceptibility
a. Ex: Immunizations
o Secondary level” early detections/screenings
a. Ex: Pap smears, breast exams, cancer screenings
o Tertiary level: Rehabilitation (reduce disabilities)
a. Ex: PT/OT after a stroke
• Florence Nightingale was the first practicing epidemiologist.
,4. Review the difference between homeostasis and allostasis.
• Homeostasis: The process by which a state of internal, physiological
equilibrium is maintained.
o Ex: pH, concentration of ions in ECF, glucose levels, osmolality of ECF
• Allostasis: Steps the body takes to re-establish homeostasis. Adaptation
to a changing internal and external environment
o Ex: HR, body core temperature, BP
5. Review the three different stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome
(GAS) including the alarm stage, adaptation/resistance, and exhaustion
stage. What hormones are released during the alarm stage and what
effects do they have on the body?
• Three stages of GAS:
1: Alarm Stage: Fight/Flight response.
2: Resistance/Adaptation: Activity of nervous/endocrine systems to return
to homeostasis
3: Exhaustion: If stressor is not removed the body cannot return to
homeostasis. The body will go into allostatic overload and organs tissues
give out.
o Ex: renal failure 2/2 HTN
, Stressor Excites receptors
Hypothalamus relases
CRH + ACH This activates the SNS
Providing a surge of energy
Adrenal Medulla releases
cortisol due to ACTH.
Corticosteroids stabilize vascular
reactivitiy, inhibit glucose uptake,
suppress protein sysnthesis
*inhibit release of CRH+ACH fron
the hypothalamus
6. Review the differences between the sympathetic vs the parasympathetic
nervous systems. What happens to the body during “fight-or-flight”
response?
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