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Summary NR 443 Exam 1 STUDY GUIDE
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NR 443 Exam 1 STUDY GUIDECalculation of prevalence *
Pg. 3 community health theories – upstream/downstream concept **
p.4 nightingale theory-environmental *
nurse practice act—scope
health belief model—milio model, pender model **
determinants of health **
QPCC—Qs incompetencies p.4
p.6 role of hippa
development of communication education plan bullet #4 p.6 ?
snow and Pasteur – know role
modes of transmission
p.38 circle model of care**
EXAM 1 COMMUNITY
ATI CHAPTER 1
• Community health nursing
o population focused approach to planning, delivering, and evaluating nursing care
o promotes health & welfare of client across the lifespan
o principles guiding CHN, epidemiology, and health promotion/disease prevention
o GOAL—promote, preserve, and maintain the health of populations by delivery of
health services
• CHN theories
o Systems thinking—how an individual interacts w/organizations and systems.
Good for examining cause & effect relationships
o Upstream thinking—focuses on interventions that promote health or prevent
illness, not care after illness, macroscopic - population
o Downsteam thinking- microscopic care focusing on individual
o Nightingales environmental theory—relationship between environment & health
▪ Emphasizes preventative care
▪ Health is a continuum
o Health belief model—predict or explain health behaviors
▪ Describes likelihood of taking action to avoid disease based on:
• Perceived threat of disease
, • Change at INDIVIDUAL level
• Modifying factors
• Cues to action(media, recommendations from health care pro)
• Perceived benefits minus barriers to taking action
o Milio’s framework for prevention
▪ Complements health belief
▪ Change at COMMUNITY level
▪ Shows relationship btwn health deficits and availability of health-promo
resources
▪ Behavior change in large # ppl can = social change
o Penders health promotion model
• Does not consider health risk as factor provoking change
• Examines factors that affect individual actions to promote health
o Personal factors, feelings, benefits, barriers, attitudes of
others, competing demands
o Orems self-care deficit theory
• Focuses on individual self care needs and explains level of nursing
interventions required to assist clients to obtain optimal health
Essentials of CHN
• Determinants of health—factors that influence clients health
o Nutrition
o Stress
o Education
o Environment, finances, social status
• Health indicators---describe health status of a community
o Mortality rates, disease prevalence
o Levels of physical activity
o Obesity
o Tobacco use/substance use
Public health nursing
• Population focused
• Goal—promote health and prevent disease
• Provide 10 essential services
o 3 core functions—
▪ Assessment—monitor health of population
▪ Policy development—developing laws & practice to promote health of a
population…inform education and empower the people
▪ Assurance—made sure health care and services are accessible
Population-focused nursing
• Assessing to determine needs, protect and promote health, prevent disease w/in
specific population
• Use community partnerships—members, agencies and business to participate
, o Key principles
▪ Emphasize primary prevention
▪ Work to achieve greatest good for most people
▪ Client is a partner in health
▪ Use resources wisely
community-ORIENTED nursing***
• Focus—aggregates, communities, populations
• Goal—health promotion , disease prevention
• Nursing activities—usually indirect, can include direct care of at-risk individuals
Community-BASED nursing***
• Focus—individuals and families
• Goal—manage acute or chronic conditions
• Activities—direct care, illness care, managing of conditions in settings like schools,
camps, prisons
Principles guiding CHN
• Ethics—preventing harm, respecting autonomy
• Advocacy
• Evidence based practice
• Quality
o Quality assurance, quality, improvement, and quality management
o Total quality management TQM—seeks to improve quality & performance
o Continuous quality improvement CQI—emphasizes organization and uses data to
improve processes
▪ Evaluate quality based on: effectiveness, timeliness, client-centered,
equity, safety, efficiency
• Professional collab and communication
Domains of learning
• Cognitive domain—involved knowledge and development of intellectual skills
• Affective domain—change in attitude and development of values
• Psychomotor domain—performance of a skill
Epidemiology—study of health-related trends in populations for purpose of disease prevention
• Provides understanding of spread, transmission, and incidence of disease and injury
• Epidemiological triangle- study of relationship among agent, host, and environment
o Agent—physical, infectious or chemical factor causing disease
o The host—living being being influenced
o Environment—setting or surrounding that sustains the host
• Calculations---incidence & prevalence rates
o Used to measure existence of a particular disease
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