NURS 8022 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 2 Study Guide-Blood Review
MODULE 3 Hematology Chapter 27-29, Articles Blood Review
Blood (Figure 28.1, pg 891)
• About 6 quarts (5.5L) in adults
⟶ Fluid, cells, and protein
⟶ Circulate through the body via the vascular system
⟶ Electrolytes and...
Blood (Figure 28.1, pg 891)
• About 6 quarts (5.5L) in adults
⟶ Fluid, cells, and protein
⟶ Circulate through the body via the vascular system
⟶ Electrolytes and protein maintain the osmolarity and acid-base balance of the
blood
• Functions of blood
⟶ Provide nutrition (protein, carbohydrates, lipids, and vitamins) to cells
⟶ Provide oxygen for cellular metabolism
⟶ Carries cells that protect the body against infection and invading organisms
Plasma
• Solution of protein and inorganic materials
• Approximately 92% water and 8% dissolved substances (solutes)
• 50-55% of the blood volume
• Contains plasma proteins which are mainly synthesized in the liver
⟶ Albumins function as carriers and control plasma oncotic pressure
o Pressure in the capillaries
o Aka protein pressure
o Regulate the movement of fluid and solutes through microcirculation
o Large molecules
Difficult to pass through endothelium to the interstitial space
⟶ Globulins are carrier proteins and immunoglobulins (Ig, antibodies); primarily
IgG
o Made by plasma cells and not synthesized in the liver
⟶ Clotting factors – mainly fibrinogen
o Fibrinogen is the precursor to the fibrin clot
⟶ Lipoproteins – triglycerides, cholesterol, and fatty acids
• Also contains several charged ions that regulate cell function, osmotic pressure,
and blood pH
Serum
• Plasma that has been allowed to clot in the laboratory in order to remove
fibrinogen and other clotting factors
⟶ May interfere with some diagnostic tests
Pleuripotential Cells
• In the bone marrow differentiate into major blood cells
⟶ Red cells – erythrocytes
⟶ White cells – leukocytes
⟶ Platelets – thrombocytes
Cellular Components of Blood
• Erythrocytes
⟶ Most abundant cells of the blood (48% in men; 42% in women)
⟶ Responsible for tissue oxygenation
⟶ Contain hemoglobin
1
, ⟶ Have 120-day life cycle
o No mitotic division
2
, o Replaced by the spleen after removal from circulation
⟶ Bioconcavity
o Optimal for gas diffusion
o Increases surface area
⟶ Reversible deformity
o Reversible deformity allows erythrocyte to become torpedo shape
to squeeze through microcirculation
o Returns to normal
• Leukocytes
⟶ Defend the body against infection and remove debris
⟶ Classified by structure and function
⟶ Granulocytes: Phagocytes
o Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
o Mast cells
⟶ Agranulocytes
o Monocytes and macrophages: Phagocytes
o Lymphocytes: Immunocytes
• Platelets
⟶ Thrombocytes
o 150,000 – 400,000/mm3 = normal
o Irregularly shaped cytoplasmic fragments
o Formed by the fragmentation of megakaryocytes
o Essential for blood coagulation and the control of bleeding
o Incapable for mitotic division
✓ No nucleus or DNA
o Granules are generally proinflammatory
✓ Release biochemical mediators
✓ In response to injury to the blood vessel
o Normal count is 140,000 to 340,000 platelets/mm3
o Live for 5-9 days and then are removed by the spleen
o Produced in the bone marrow and stored in the spleen, where they
are slowly released
Lymphoid Organs
• Sites of residence, proliferation, differentiation, and function of lymphocytes and
mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes and macrophages)
• They are the link to the hematologic and immune systems
• Primary lymphoid organs
⟶ Thymus
⟶ Bone marrow
• Secondary lymphoid organs
⟶ Spleen
⟶ Lymph nodes
⟶ Tonsils
⟶ Peyer patches of the small intestine
• Link the hematologic system to the immune system
• Spleen
⟶ Largest secondary lymphoid organ
⟶ Function
3
, o Site of fetal hematopoiesis
o Filters and cleanses the blood
o Mounts an immune response to bloodborne microorganisms
o Serves as a blood reservoir
• Lymph Nodes
⟶ Site of the development or activity of lymphocytes, monocytes, and
macrophages
⟶ Structurally part of the lymphatic system
o Provide filtration of the lymph
o Fibrous capsules, the branch of which (trabeculae) extend inward to
partition the node into several compartments
o Transport lymphatic fluid back into the circulation
⟶ Functionally part of the immune and hematologic systems
o First encounter between antigen and lymphocytes
o Macrophages reside in the lymph nodes
✓ Filter the lymph of debris, foreign substances, and
microorganisms
✓ Provide antigen-processing functions
Definitions
• Hematocrit: % volume of blood that is red cells
⟶ Men ~ 45%
⟶ Women ~ 40%
• Hemoglobin: Oxygen carrying protein of the erythrocyte; compound of heme and
globin
⟶ 34gm/100ml red cells
⟶ 15-16 (male) gm Hb/100ml blood
⟶ 13-14 (female) gm Hb/100 ml blood
1. Understand basic physiology of hematopoiesis, erythropoiesis, and what erythropoietin
is and what it does.
• Hematopoiesis
⟶ Process of blood cell production in adult bone marrow or in the liver and/or
spleen of the fetus (sometimes in the liver)
o Humans need 100 billion new blood cells per day
⟶ Two stages
o Mitosis (proliferation) – beginning to divide
o Maturation (differentiation)
⟶ Continues throughout life to replace blood cells that grow old and die, are
killed by disease, or are lost through bleeding
⟶ Bone marrow – site of hematopoiesis in adults
o Confined to cavity of bones
o Primary site of residence of hematopoietic stem cells – from which all
blood cells originate
o Also called myeloid tissue
o Red versus yellow bone marrow
✓ Red produces RBCs, Megakaryocytes, and different WBCs
✓ Yellow does not produce RBCs – yellow from large quantity of fat
o Adult active bone marrow
4
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller doctorsolutions65. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $15.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
