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Introduction: VLSI Design flow, general design methodologies; critical path and worst case timing analysis, overview of design hierarchy, levels of abstraction, integration density and Moore's law, VLSI design styles, packaging, CMOS Logic, Propagation$5.49
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Introduction: VLSI Design flow, general design methodologies; critical path and worst case timing analysis, overview of design hierarchy, levels of abstraction, integration density and Moore's law, VLSI design styles, packaging, CMOS Logic, Propagation
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VLSI Design
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Notes Affiliated To Gate And Aktu
Introduction: VLSI Design flow, general design methodologies; critical path and worst case timing analysis, overview of design hierarchy, levels of abstraction, integration density and Moore's law, VLSI design styles, packaging, CMOS Logic, Propagation Delay definitions, sheet resistance.
1.1.1 History and Introduction of VLSI
1.2 Integration density and Moore’s Law
1.2.1 Scale of Integration
1.2.2 Moore’s Law
1.3 VLSI design flow
1.3.1 Gajaski-Kuhn Y-chart
1.3.2 VLSI Design flow
1.4 General Design Methodologies
1.4.1 Design Styles
1.4.1.1 Field Programmable Gate Array Design
1.4.1.2 Gate Array Design
1.4.1.3 Standard Cell-based Design
1.4.1.4 Full-custom Design
1.4.1.5 Semi-custom Design
1.4.2 Packaging
1.4.2.1 Type of IC Packages
1.4.2.2 Types of Packages Based on Package Material
1.4.2.3 Package Modelling
1.5 Overview of Design Hierarchy
1.5.1 Design hierarchy-structural,
1.5.2 Levels of abstraction
1.5.2.1 Regularity, Modularity and Locality
1.6 CMOS Logic
1.6.1 CMOS Integrated Circuit
1.6.1.1 Issues with ICs at the DSM Level
1.6.2 Digital Logic Design
1.6.2.1 Design
1.6.2.2 Operation
1.6.2.3 Transient and VTC Characteristics
1.6.3 Propagation delay definitions,
1.6.3.1 Critical path
1.6.3.2 Worst case timing analysis, and Sheet resistance
, 1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.1.1 History and Introduction of VLSI
“Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of creating an integrated circuit (IC) by
combining thousands of transistors into a single chip.”
And
“An integrated circuit (IC) is a small semiconductor-based electronic device consisting of
fabricated transistors, resistors and capacitors. Integrated circuits are the building blocks of
most electronic devices and equipment. An integrated circuit is also known as a chip or
microchip.”
Twenty-first century has witnessed huge technical advancements. The application of the
principles of electronics has led to a world where we are surrounded by several electronic devices
and appliances. The history of the VLSI industry reveals the importance of electronic devices
since the invention of the first point-contact transistor in 1947. Scientists John Bardeen, Walter
Brattain, and William Shockley at Bell Labs succeeded in replacing the vacuum tube from their
novel invention of the point-contact transistor, as shown in Figure 1.1(a). Later, the bipolar
junction transistors (BJTs) were developed and they completely replaced the bulky, heavy,
unreliable vacuum tubes soon after the invention of the transistor at the same Bell laboratory.
The adoption of BJTs completely transformed the electronics industry due to several advantages
over the vacuum tube, such as more reliability, less noise, and reduced power consumption.
Further, Jack Kilby succeeded in integrating the few transistors on a single silicon chip and
fabricated the first integrated circuit (IC) at Texas Instruments just ten years after the invention of
the first transistor, as depicted in Figure 1.1(b).
The functionality of BJT limits its utilization due to the large leakage current at the base
terminal. Therefore, the metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) primarily
became the first priority for the VLSI industry and was used for its advantages over the BJT by
dissipating zero control current during the idle scenario. In 1963, the first logic gate was built
using MOSFET technology by Frank Wanlass at Fairchild, and the logic gates consisted of p-
channel metal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) and n-channel metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS)
transistors known as complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS). Currently, the CMOS
is widely adopted in the electronics industry by the VLSI designers due to its ultra-low standby
power consumption.
, (a) (b)
FIGURE 1.1 (a) First point-contact transistor at Bell Lab. (b) Integration of a few transistors into
the first integrated circuit.
FIGURE 1.2 Evolution of VLSI (major milestones)
, 1.2 Integration density and Moore’s Law
1.2.1 Scale of Integration:
Small scale integration(SSI) --1960
The technology was developed by integrating the number of transistors of 1-100 on a
single chip. Ex: Gates, flip-flops, op-amps.
Medium scale integration(MSI) --1967
The technology was developed by integrating the number of transistors of 100-1000 on a
single chip. Ex: Counters, MUX, adders, 4-bit microprocessors.
Large scale integration(LSI) --1972
The technology was developed by integrating the number of transistors of 1000-10000 on
a single chip. Ex:8-bit microprocessors, ROM, RAM.
Very large scale integration(VLSI) -1978
The technology was developed by integrating the number of transistors of 10000-1Million
on a single chip. Ex: 16-32 bit microprocessors, peripherals, complimentary high MOS.
Ultra large scale integration(ULSI)
The technology was developed by integrating the number of transistors of 1Million-10
Millions on a single chip. Ex: special purpose processors.
Giant scale integration (GSI)
The technology was developed by integrating the number of transistors of above 10
Millions on a single chip. Ex: Embedded system, system on chip.
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