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PATHO 370/ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 370 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE- West Coast University, LA $8.60   Add to cart

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PATHO 370/ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 370 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE- West Coast University, LA

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PATHO 370/ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 370 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE- West Coast University, LA/ Ace on your Studies

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  • December 13, 2021
  • 57
  • 2021/2022
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • pathogenesis
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 370 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE Chapter 1: 1.Etiology: study of causes or reasons for a particular injury. Idiopathic (unknown) vs Iatrogenic (unintended/unwanted medical treatment). Risk Factor: a factor that increases the likelihood of disease. 2.Pathogenesis: development or evolution of disease from initial stimulus to ultimate expression of manifestations of the disease. 3.Clinical Manifestations: Signs (objective) vs Symptoms (subjective). 4.Stages and Clinical Course: Latent period (time between exposure of tissue to injurious agent, first appearance of S&S), Prodromal period (indicating onset of disease), Acute phase (disease/illness reaches its full intensity).
5.Acute clinical course: short-lived, may have severe manifestations.
6.Chronic clinical course: may last months to years, sometimes follows an acute course. 7.Treatment implications: understanding the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical consequences of a particular disorder/disease/illness may determine which treatments could be helpful. 8.Considerations: culture, age, gender, situation, time. 9.Levels of Prevention: Primary: altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons (vaccination). Secondary: early detection, screening, and management of disease. T ertiary: rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective functioning.
10.Subclinical: disease that has no recognizable clinical findings. Distinct from a clinical disease which has S&S that can be recognized. Subclinical disease ex. Diabetes, hypothyroidism, RA until they turn into clinical diseases. Chapter 2: 1.Homeostasis: ideal set point; response: mechanistic, predictable series of orchestrated internal events. 2.Types of parameters to control: osmolarity, temperature, pH, nutrients, water, Na+, Ca2+, oxygen, hormones. 3.Allostasis: ability to adapt to challenges; maintains or reestablishes homeostasis in light of environmental
and lifestyle changes. 4.Stressors: agents or conditions that endanger homeostasis (physical, chemical, emotional, biological, social, or cultural; vary in scope, intensity, and duration. 5.Feedback control systems adapt to changes to restore homeostasis. 6.Stress can be beneficial: increase energy and alertness, keeps us focused on the problem at hand. 7.Risk factors: NOT stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of encountering a stressor. 8.Han Selye’s GAS: Alarm Reaction: arousal of CNS begins, fight-or-flight response sympathetic NS involved. Epinephrine, NE, and other hormones are released, causing an increase in HR, contractility, oxygen intake (respiratory rate), and mental activity. Resistance: activity of the nervous and endocrine systems in an attempt to return to homeostasis. Allostatic state: refers to the activity of various systems in attempting to restore homeostasis.
Exhaustion: point where body can no longer return to homeostasis. Allostatic overload: “cost” of body’s organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response. Organ damage
begins (onset of disease). 9.Other responses: corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) production, antidiuretic hormone release (vasopressin), Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation and catecholamines (E and NE), renin-
angiotensin-aldosterone pathway activation (increase BP, increased blood volume). 10.Stressful stimuli excite receptors which relay to the hypothalamus  the stress response is then mediate by E/NE and glucocorticoids (cortisol). 11.SNS stimulation causes vasoconstriction of most blood vessels because of activation of alpha 1 Adrenergic receptor’s by NE. 12.Cortisol: stress hormone. Diverts metabolism from building tissues to supply energy to deal with the stress. Primary glucocorticoid. Promotes appetite. Causes S&S of chronic stress. Increased blood glucose, stronger sympathetic system effect on heart rate. *Hypothalamus (CRH)  Anterior Pituitary (ACTH)  Adrenal Cortex (cortisol)  alters glucose, fat, protein metabolism, suppresses inflammatory and immune responses. 13.Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): vasopressin, causes vasoconstriction, makes kidneys reabsorb water from urine to blood. 14.Fight or Flight Response: rapid response to trauma, emergency. Epinephrine and norepinephrine released. Both attach to adrenergic receptors. Norepinephrine: causes vasoconstriction and raises BP, reduces gastric secretions, increases night and far vision.
Epinephrine: enhances myocardial contractility, increases HR and CO, causes bronchodilation, increases glucose release from the liver (glycogenolysis). Pain, fear, low BP (hypothalamus)  SNS activated (SNS neurons) Norepinephrine (adrenal medulla)
 epinephrine released into blood  heart (increase HR and contractility)/ Blood Vessels (vasoconstrict skin, gut, and kidney)  increased BP
15.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Pathway: activated by sympathetic system, decreased blood flow to kidneys. ANG1: weak vasoconstriction. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). ANG II: stronger vasoconstriction, also stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone. Aldosterone released. Na+/K+ ATPase in nephrons activated (kidneys reabsorb Na+ and H2O, kidneys secrete K+. Kidneys release Renin Converts angiotensin to ANG I  (ACE)ANG IIAdrenal CortexAldosteroneKidneysReabsorb Na+ and water (increases blood volume and BP) and secrete K+
16.Endorphins: endogenous opioids- raises pain threshold and produces sedation and euphoria. 17.Oxytocin: produced during childbirth and lactation, associated with bonding and social attachment, thought to moderate stress response and produce a calming effect. 18.Stress Affects the Immune System: by decreasing immune cell production, decreasing thymus activity, overall stress and cortisol suppresses the immune system. 19.Types of Stress
(1)Physiologic Stress: stress-induced changes in body functions, detected by body’s normal regulatory sensors, the body alters function to restore normal balance. When balance is restored, negative feedback stops the reaction. (2)Psychosocial Stress: refers to events of psychosocial or social origin which challenge homeostasis. Adverse environments or life experiences (natural disasters, war, loss of job). Position in a social hierarchy, isolation, discrimination. Directly affects the CNS. Turns on the stress responses, even when the body’s internal sensors have not detected imbalance. (3)Acute Stress: pounding headache, cold, moist skin, stiff neck. Activates neural pathways that mediate arousal, alertness, focused attention, aggression. Can be detrimental. (4)Chronic Stress: long term. sympathetic activity and cortisol are elevated, complications result
from reduced immune response. Long-term exposure can lead to serious health problems because it disrupts most body systems.

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