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European Archaeology
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Notes of lecture material, lectures are very dense and long, these notes will cut down a lot of time, notes cover exam info as well
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Anth 2060-Preindustrial argri- traditional preindustrial Agri patterns, still discernable today.
Mediterranean agriculture- plants- cereals grown in mild damp winter, harvest in spring, vines and olives
survive the dry summer.
Animals- sheep/goats main animal, do not required well watered grasslands, transhumance.
Central
Temp zone- cooler and damper climate- plants- crops grown during summer, harvest in late summer/
autumn, wheat is important.
Animals- cows, pigs, transhumant only in mountain zones.
Sub- arctic
Crop pattern is like temp zone- grown in summer, barley, rye, animals- cows/pigs.
Most soil is great for crops, climate is temperate, rain moderate, no deserts or jungles.
No oasis to fight over, no essential resource lacking, uniformly productive environment, canals built for
drainage, (Pannonia) for transport.
Sustainable- almost all regions of Europe can produce enough food to sustain local pops. Of the size of
prehistoric times comfortably- (except high mountain regions)
No need to import-except luxury goods- winter foods- potatoes, radishes, pickled cabbage. Bucharest
marketplace.
European civilization- never lost sites of ancient monuments, all around, historical record only as far
back as roman conquest, could not distinguish historic to prehistoric.
European archeology and the bible- is the bible a historical text?
Evidence for the great floods? arch- UR, flood stratum_ 1925 L. Wooley. Many sites, diff periods, spring
flood and rivers. (Black sea, post glacial flood- 5800 BC) Mount Ararat- Turkey- locations, mountains of
Ararat, no evidence- despite many expeditions.
Classical monuments- known since antiquity (Adrian’s wall), Arch of Titus(Rome) spoils of the temple in
Jerusalem( Josephus).
,Early attempts to uncover ancient history- ancient cultures valued their own history, created kings lists _
Mycenaeans, linear B, Iliad, and odyssey. Conserved ancient monuments, collected ancient artifacts.
Renaissance awakening- 15-16 AD, first in Italy, later in north Europe. New interest- writings of classical
authors, architecture. Italians’ architecture used surviving roman buildings to understand ancient
architectural principals and improve upon renaissance techniques. <Michelangelo- Basilica of St. Peter.
Pompeii and Herculaneum renaissance efforts- Mt. Vesuvius erupts- Pompeii smothered in ash,
Herculaneum- lava. Recorded history- Pliny the Younger described events.
Forum of Pompeii- in 1960s more sensitive methods used- better recovery. Stratigraphy- control time.
Spatial excavation.
Greece- under ottoman empire (Turkish) until 1824/1912. Difficult too access, Europe was still at war
with ottomans. Ottomans expanded until 1600s when reached gates of Vienna.
1751-53. British architects- James Stuart and nick Revett- spend serval months in Athens drawing
classical buildings.
Lord Eglin- ( 1776-1841) – 1799- ill health- posted to Istanbul – ambassador- Broke- borrowed large
sums of money, pulled down fathers house in Fife, built luxurious mansion named Broomhall.
1801- Elgin sent crew of artists to Athens, make drawings and casts of famous antiquities, instead began
ripping and frieze and statues off the buildings causing damage. Brought reality of Greek architecture
back to England. Who owns marbles? Modern controversy b/w Greece, turkey, England.
Temple of Athena- Greeks- offer lead to cease harm to monuments.
Earliest writings- Mesopotamia- cuneiform- Iraq- Sumerians- 3500 BCE.
Egypt- hieroglyphics- Abydos 3100 BCE.
Europe- Earliest writings- Phaistos disk- Crete- 1800 BCE. Linear A- Crete, Minoan Civ. 1600 BCE. Linear
B- Mycenaean Greek- 1952 Michael Ventris 1500 BCE at Iklaina. (mainland)
Spread of Cyrillic writing
Spread of Christianity- 9/10th cent AD/CE- for Slavic speaking peoples of the eastern Orthodox faith –
monk Cyril- used for various languages across Eurasia- nation script in various Slavic, Turk, Mongolic,
Uralic, Caucasian and iranic speaking countries in southeastern Europe, Eastern Europe the caucus.
Central Asia, N Asia, and E Asia.
First attempt to deal with chronology- Archbishop of Armagh ( N Ireland ) James Ussher- 1580-1656)
Dr John Lightfoot, 1642- calculated the date of creation- 9am, 23 oct, 4004 BC. Date used in early
editions of the king James bible. Often still found cited in bibles.
, Contributions of arch-growing sense of antiquity of humanity, began 1600s, tools of prehistoric people
were found and put in private collections and museums from 1600 onwards.
Importance of ethnography to arch- age of exploration, saw other cultures using stone tools, questioned
by early explorers- saw modern people using stone tools.
Swiss Lake dwellings- fishermen on the Swiss lakes- for years spread rumours of submerged forests that
snagged nets, drought in 1850s- shrank lakes- dramatically exposed “forests” of wooden piling set in the
mud. Mud preserved all manner of objects- ax handles and weapons- fruit and ripe hazelnuts-
thousands of animal bones- all the perishable debris- dumped garbage around dwellings- late Neolithic
early bronze age.
Swiss Lake Dwellings- 1850s- Keller’s methods were rough, merely dug mud and collected what he could
see or feel, theorized that dwellings were built on piles over the lake.
1920s onward- more meticulous excavations, villages been built on dry land.
1960s- villages were flooded by rising water levels- thought to be first farming settlements, quite late –
neolithic0.
Artifacts in Slovenia- other dwellings lake- 2-3000 BCE.
Development of time control
- Separate trends
- Stone age
- * early prehistory, palaeolithic, Mesolithic
- Later prehistory
- * Neolithic, bronze age, iron age
Concept of early prehistory
- Father of geology Charles Lyell 1797-1875
- Gradualism- geological change is slow
- Uniformitarianism ( use present to interpret past)
- Earth must be very old
Boucher de perthes- 1847- customs inspector, part time antiquarian, beiging to push back antiquity
of humanity.
City of Abbeville France- Abbevillian culture ( euro local oldowan) along Somme river, where de
perthes worked.
Attacked on fixity of species: Charles Darwin 1809-1882: voyage of the beagle, adaptation, descent
with modification, natural selection
Published seminal book ( on the origin of species, article with Alfred Wallace ( Wallace line)
Theory called natural selection – theory of how evo occurred.
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