Summary
Summary of all lectures drugs for the Central Nervous System
- Course
- Institution
Summary of all lecture notes of drugs for the Central Nervous System
[Show more]
1 review
By: twanvanderzee • 1 year ago
Seller
Followeliselammers
Reviews received
Content preview
Drugs for the Central Nervous SystemLecture 1 – Introduction to CNS diseases and their therapies
Glutamate → most important excitatory neurotransmitter
GABA → inhibitory neurotransmitter
Mammal brain comparison → frontal and prefrontal cortex of human is developed during evolution
• Medical research → monkeys (more similar brain to human than mice or rat)
Main difference between monkey and human brain → communication and language
Surgical section → from the bottom
Frontal (or coronal) section → vertical in the middle
Transverse (or horizontal) section → horizontal in the middle
Body planes
• Radial symmetrically
• Bilateral symmetrically → if you do a cut, left and right are exactly the same
Sensory nerves → integration (brain) → motor neurons
Regions that are closer to the spinal cord → important for basal fundamental
functions of the organisms
Regions that are closer to the forebrain → important for decision making
• Becomes large in development
Human brain
Cerebral cortex
• Frontal → decision making
• Parietal → (somato)sensory
• Occipital → vision
• Temporal → hearing
o Hippocampus → learning and memory (short term, process called acquisition)
Retrieval → when you memorize something the day after (cortex and hippocampus
used)
,Sensory nerves → parietal lobe, somatosensory cortex → decision made → frontal lobe, motor
cortex → signal via motor nerves (efferent nerves) → muscle
Structures of the brain
1. Brainstem
2. Cerebellum
3. Thalamus
4. Cerebrum
5. Corpus collosum
1. Brainstem
Two main functions
1. Basic functions
2. Sensory/motor nerves
(filtering and routing information)
Consists of:
• Medulla oblongata
• Pons
• Midbrain
2. Cerebellum (“arbor vitae”)
Functions
1. Motor coordination
2. Motor memory
→ voluntary movements: when you are learning how to bike
Right part of the cerebellum communicates with:
• The right part of the spinal cord
• The left part of cortex
Right part of the cerebellum → posture, gait
Ataxia → cerebellum disfunction
3. Thalamus
Thalamus
• Sorts data
Hypothalamus
• Thermoregulation
Pituitary gland
• Hormonal activity (oxytocin, water balance)
4. Cerebrum
Integration of all the information.
• Triggers action or emotion
Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) → high resolution imaging of the anatomy of the
brain
, • White matter
• Grey matter → thickness is measured
o Cell bodies of neurons are located in here
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) → measures changes in the blood flow to different
parts of the brain
• Ipsilateral hemisphere: on same side
• Contralateral hemisphere: on opposite site
Language-based activity: women use both sides of their brain whereas men use only a single side.
This difference may reflect different strategies used for language processing.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) → measurement of the water inside the brain
• Measurement of the integrity of the white matter (myelinated axons) and number of fibers
• Cortical spinal tract → sends signal to the muscle and controls movement
4. Cerebral cortex
Consists of five parts
• Frontal cortex (about 50%)
• Parietal cortex (somatosensoric)
• Occipital cortex (vision)
• Temporal cortex (smell, hearing, memory)
• Insular cortex (taste, visceral, feelings)
Six-layered sheet (about 5 mm thick)
• Processing units (mini-columns)
• Primary sensory (topographical)
• Association parts (relates info)
Total covers threequarters of brain.
Essential for consciousness (mind).
5. Corpus collosum
Connects the left and right hemisphere by fibers (white matter).
Right hemisphere → facial recognition
Left hemisphere → reasoning, logic
Brain areas that are involved in language → Broca’s (B), Geschwind’s (G), and Wernicke’s (W)
neocortical areas
• Broca’s (B) area is only in left hemisphere: speaking, language
produced
• Geschwind’s (G) area is in both hemispheres
• Wernicke’s (W) area is in both hemispheres: language
understood
6. Basal ganglia
Involuntary movements.
Diseases:
• Huntington disease
• Parkinson disease
, Consists of:
• Caudate
o Frontal part, nucleus accumbens: if it is activated
→ reward seeking behaviour, pleasure and addiction
• Putamen
• Internal capsule
→ form striatum
7. Midbrain – substantia nigra
Function: dopamine production
Darker part: substantia nigra, black neurons, contain melatonin
Disease:
• Parkinson disease → neurons are dying (produce dopamine)
Dopamine pathway: 4 pathways
• Nigrostriatal pathway
• Tubero-hypophyseal pathway
• Mesocortical pathway
• Mesolimbic pathway
Substantia nigra
Healthy Parkinson
8. Hippocampus
CA1, CA2, CA3 areas → learning and memory
In temporal lobe.
Hippocampus in Alzheimer’s disease
Hippocampus is reduced.
Hippocampus in ischemia
Loss of neurons.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller eliselammers. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $10.69. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
83637 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now