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Lectures + Literature for Governance & Digitalisation
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everything covered in the lectures for governance & digitalisation to help you prepare for the final exam. lectures + literature combined.
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Governance & DigitalizationWeek 1: Introduction: How did we get here?
Digitalisation: a digital transformation that “includes a number of interconnected and evolving
technologies” (OECD). Everything is transformed into code, as opposed to analog technology. This
makes digital information very versatile. That is why digital is so powerful. Social process.
Governance: a change in the role of the state from intervention and control to steering and
coordination (Bevir, 2010). Governance is being done in a collaborative way, because with the issues
being very complex, multiple actors are needed to be involved.
difference with government: government is just one actor in the entire governance (to rule, to make
rules, to implement those rules) process (society, business, et cetera). The governance process is an
collaborative process, with a lot of actors involved.
The sustainability challenge in the future for the government is massive, because digitalisation
increases every year.
Digitalisation also comes with a lot of benefits. For example: Automated consensus formation
(Taiwan), Blockchain land registry (Honduras), Self-driving bus (The Netherlands), Voting online
(Estonia).
The impact of digital technology on governance
These challenges digitalisation bring can be divided into internal (affect ‘government’) and external
(affect the environment of the government).
- Internal view of impacts: Darrel West
As technologies involve, so do government organizations evolve in providing these new
technologies:
1. Billboard phase (static information, websites and email).
2. Partial service delivery (a bit more interactive, websites offer a little more (basic)
transactional services; pay parking, buy library card, etc.)
3. Portal stage ( ;digital ID systems)
4. Interactive democracy (internally government organizations should move into this stage
(West). In this way citizens can express their voice and participate in democracies because of
digital services. “Lots of online services and interactive features. Accountability enhancing
features and technologies for public feedback and deliberation” (how will this actually work,
will citizens use these kind of tools? It is unclear what this stage exactly would mean. People
could also abuse this possibility (for example trolls))
West: Secular change is an example of a midlevel model
that demonstrates how constrained change can unfold.
Secular change unfolds slowly but surely over time, and
eventually leads to major changes in how organizations
function. Revolutions do not have to be quick and abrupt
for there to be widespread change.
- External view of impacts: de Donk et al. (2005)
(environment of government organizations)
Public commons: the agenda of the day, room for discussion, what
happens right now, what has priority right now.
these should have ideal features to make it work: freedom and equality
,(no one tells you what to read or watch), accessibility (access to news that matters to them easily),
independence (trust in your news sources) and pluralism (different points of view, include the voice of
minorities)
which of these aspects is being influenced/changes because of digitalisation?
Another part of the external challenge is the unaccountable tech companies. Tech companies are the
largest and most powerful companies in the world. They have also been implicated in wrong turns
during the covid pandemic: Freedom of speech versus censuring wrong information. It often seems
very arbitrary, the decision that they make. These companies are increasingly powerful, and there is
little control and transparency in their decision making.
Yuval Noah Harari: Effects of digitalisation (economical, political and media shifts)
- Artificial intelligence will increasingly displace humans: So there is a big question for
government: what will happen to the work of humans? Will there be work for humans in the
future?
- Global ecology of information (the cyber river): All of the worlds digital infrastructure (all
the information that flows in our societies) are driving a new type of ecology (just like a river,
digital infrastructure will be necessary for the ecology to run).
- The shift: national economies limited to national laws and regulations now longer work:
Countries will have to collaborate a lot more.
- Decline of the traditional left-right: currently the traditional left-right distinction, is no longer
relevant. We’ll see progressionists, conservatives, nationalists, globalists, etc. The new
political distinction: Globalists versus Nationalists.
Three problems with digitalisation:
Conclusion
• Digitalisation is constantly evolving, leading to exciting innovations in the public sector and huge
amounts of new data. But this has big impacts for governance:
• Internally, government is becoming more digitalised, integrated, and interactive
• Externally, government faces a turbulent public information commons and economic and political
changes
• There are three main challenges that result:
1. Information complexity 2. Public accountability 3. Public service quality
Week 2: Challenge 1: Information complexity
Increasing information complexity Big data
How can Big data improve governance?
, Big Data: we have a lot of new information, the ability to store and process it.
Two definitions:
Data centric: Focus on data itself, big data has certain characteristics (other characteristics than other
data).
Volume, Variety and Velocity (dominant in what makes Big Data, Big Data).
Volume: This size of the data
Variety: How many different types of big data (= what the structure is)
Velocity: How fast the data is available for us (this data that we are now having, comes to us very
quickly, and we can process the data very quickly)
It is difficult to establish meaningful thresholds for these characteristics, the thresholds also change.
Process centric: Nothing to do with the data itself, but with what we do with the data.
Using and combining multiple, large datasets from various sources (both external and internal
to the organization)
Using and combining structured (traditional= data that you can open in excel, you can do
something with the data) and unstructured (nontraditional, you cannot do anything with the
data) in analysis (in big data you combine these types of data)
Using incoming data streams in real time or near real time
Developing and applying advanced analytics and algorithms to handle complex computing
tasks.
Using data for new and radically different applications than the data were gathered for or
spring from; the data is repurposed.
Why use big data: (increase in complexity). The main point is datafication; an increasing number of
activities are conducted in a (partially) digital environment, where sensors, devices and apps collect
data about these activities (instead of doing these activities without the use of data (friendships, jobs,
etc.)). This data is then used for analytical applications it was not originally intended for. There is
much more (different) data one can use to (partially) answer the same question, in many different
ways.
Benefits of big data
- Better insight translates to better decisions
- Faster insight translates to faster decisions
- Provide evidence for decisions that had no evidence-base before
- Smaller marginal cost of analysis translates to more analysis and more evidence-based policy
(to do research normally costs a lot of money, so we don’t do them very often). If we already
have the data base, it doesn’t cost us extra money-> we can conduct research much more
better evidence based policy.
- Evaluation will be continuous throughout the policy cycle (because we can do research more
often, better evaluation of policy)
Problems with analysis
1) Google Flu Trends: Google decided to look at Google search terms,
to make a model to predict the Flu in the population (people look for
symptoms before going to the doctor). The data was almost the same
as Flue Rates (so this method is cheaper and faster to predict Flu).
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