Social Sciences En Politieke En Sociale Wetenschappen
European History
Summary
Summary European History L7: Age of Mass Migration
6 views 0 purchase
Course
European History
Institution
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
I got a 20/20 with my summaries
Abbreviations:
DRTR: divine right to rule
E-G: Estates-General
CC: Catholic Church
AR: Ancien regime
DL: Germany (Deutschland)
WS: Welfare state
SD: Social democracy
SDs: social democrats
CDs: Christian democrats
O1H: on the one hand
OOH: on the other...
Social Sciences en Politieke en Sociale Wetenschappen
European History
All documents for this subject (24)
Seller
Follow
emmamarchal
Reviews received
Content preview
7: Age of mass migration
Content:
1. General theories on mass migration
1.1. Three-level explanations: macro - meso - micro
2. Mass migration in the 19th century
2.1. Trends and figures
3. Understanding 19C mass migration
3.1. The 19th century = a mobility transition?
3.2. Scientific revision of mobility transition thesis
In 19C - mass acceleration of migration/mobility. Esp in 2nd half.
Macro - difference between countries: country level variables
Meso - intermediary variables
Micro - level of the individual
Mobility transition theses: industrialisation caused mass migration in C19, causing a breakup of traditional
societies. (main driver)
With unfolding historical evidence, a lot of nuances need to be brought into this thesis.
In general, the % of international migrants remained rather stable since 1960s to 2017 (/today).
1990 fluctuation - end of CW - refugees coming in from the Balkan, Eastern Europe, formerly Soviet countries.
In the number of officially registered refugees - those asking for asylum, not being able to go back - is
comparable between 1990 and 2015. => some nuance needed in ‘2015 refugee crisis’. (“floods”)
But international migrants have risen.
An acceleration of world migration?
- Increase in absolute number of international migrants.
- Some fluctuations but relative stability in terms of officially registered refugees.
- A lot of stability in terms of proportion of people across the world that are migrating.
==> We often get the feeling that there’s an increase/acceleration of migration, but often this is a very
Western-centric view. - we have become the receiving countries of migration, not a sending one.
In absolute numbers, more people than ever before are migrating, but in relative numbers (compared to the
world population), a lot of nuance is needed.
World population increase
● The total number of international migrants has increased at a pace roughly equal to the world
population.
More people migrating than ever before, but there are also more people than ever before.
Registration
● The registration of international migrants (and particularly refugees) has improved over recent
decades, so it’s questionable whether there has even been a significant increase in reality - past
numbers could have been higher.
Between 1846-1924: 12% of the European population emigrated.
==> Global migration has NOT accelerated.
But regional patterns have changed.
Shift
● Post WW2 migrational shifts: transformation of (Western) Europe from a region of colonisers/emigrants
into a region of immigration.
, This shift is a large contextual factor for fear towards refugees, newcomers and in general rhetoric about a
refugee crisis.
→ Relative stability at the level of global migration - has not accelerated.
→ What has changed dramatically is the country of destination.
The number of international migrants is very different across regions, especially high-, middle- and low-income
regions.
In absolute #s, high mobility for even lesser developed regions
Main differentiation is at the level of GDP and income between low-, middle- and high-income countries.
GDP, national income, height of wages, facilities and infrastructure connected to the welfare state, LC, level of
indn and post-indn, … }=> Multiple factors of development.
Also a lot of international migration within Europe itself.
- High-income countries have high immigrattion levels, not only because they’re attracting migrants
from poorer parts of the world, but also because of the integration of markets and a higher pattern of
migration between the rich countries themselves.
- Ex EU integration.
- International migrants accounted for a relatively small share of the world population (3.5% in 2019).
- Between 1990-2019, the # of international migrants as a share of the total population increased in more
developed and high income countries, but changed very little in less-developed countries and declined
in lower-income countries.
1. General theories on mass migration
1.1. Macro explanations for mass migration
Assumption: socio-economic and political inequalities are crucial for explaining migration.
Macro → deals with disparities/inequalities between countries. Focus on socio-economic and political
inequalities.
● Affect both the inception (start) of migration and its perpetuation.
- Socio-economic inequalities: rich vs poor countries & their level of attractiveness on a population.
- Political inequalities: respect for political freedoms, individual freedoms, religious tolerance, tolerance
towards sexualities, …
→ These are push and pull factors.
Based on a “push and pull” model of migration
● Focuses on the disparity in conditions between the place of origin and destination.
○ Push: induce people to leave their location (poverty, religious intolerance, political instability)
○ Pull: prompt people to move to a new location (democratic climate, job opportunities, religious
tolerance, booming economy)
○ Intervening obstacles: distance, knowledge, prior migration patterns, migration policies. (in
between push and pull factors)
■ Can you leave?
■ Migration policies: how open is the country towards newcomers?
Where do migrants in BE come from?
Italians are the largest foreign nationality group.
Fr, NL, Morocco, Spain, Turkey, DL (in decreasing order) ]- shows the effect of intervening obstacles.
- High numbers of people from Morocco and Italy, less from Turkey → explained by arrangements
between the Belgian government and Morocco and Italy after WW1: big employment schemes to get
foreign workers to work in the Belgian mining industry.
- As a result of these historical migration schemes with foreign countries, BE has a greater pull
today for Moroccans and Italians.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller emmamarchal. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $4.92. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
