40-paged document covering the entire OCR Geography specification for Changing Spaces, Making Places. Includes all case studies that are needed, definitions, theories and examples. It is structured in accordance to the specification with A/A* notes.
1) What’s in a place?
- Places are multi-faceted, shaped by shifting flows and connections which change over time
- Nexus of connections and linkages
- Flows of people, ideas, information and wealth
- Places are dynamic
1) Location: geographical area
2) Locale: each place has a series of locales for everyday life
3) Sense of place: subjective and emotional (personal) attachment
- Meaningful segment of a geological space (Creswell, 2008)
- Location + meaning = place which is individual to you
- Physical geography, demographic, socio-economic, cultural, political, built environment
Lympstone (East Devon, UK) Smethwick (Sandwell, West Midlands)
Demographics: Demographics: (2011 consensus)
- 1.7k (pop) [2011] - 14,146 population
- 44% females - 51% females
- 56% males - 49% males
- Av age - 41 years old - Av age - 36 years old
- (14%) Largest increase in older population - (10-60%) Large increase in younger
(50-59 years old) populations
Socio-economic: Socio-economic:
- 77.3% = employed - 45.6% of the population = some form of
- 35% = full time employment employment
- 3.8% are unemployed - 32.2% are in full time employment
- 60% of students passed at least 2 A-Levels - 13.4% = part time employment
(2015) - 8% unemployed
- 66.1% are homeowners - 3.7% full-time students
- 5% = full time students - 1678 in single households
- Admin and services
Cultural: Cultural:
- 66.9% Christian - 43% Christian
- High importance on Christian festivals - 45.9% British
- 75% England-originated, 11%
india-migrated, 3% Pakistan
Political: Political:
- Parish council = 11 members - Labour dominated = John Spellar [ Warley
- 2 district councillors Parliament ]
- 1 county councillor
- Follow the conservative party ideology
Built Environment: Built Environment:
, Changing Spaces Making Places
- Many old buildings - have been redecorated and - Terraced houses - Transport linking (trains,
rebuilt to modernize them tramps, bus lines) to main city
- Constant protesting to protect old architecture - Industrial town
such as historic churches - Many primary and higher education
- Former low-order shops have been closed and schools
converted to residents with new house - Religious Institutions: Akrill methodist
constructions on cliff tops church, Guru Nanak Gurdwara, Masjid
Usman Mosque
- Smethwick Galton bridge and Smethwick
Canals
Natural Environment: Natural Environment:
- Located in a small valley cut by Wootton Brook - Various Parks: West Smethwick Park,
through the red Breccia cliffs on the Exe Estuary Victoria park
- Tidal mudflats - Nature Reserve
- Small pebble beaches around the foot of the cliff - Smethwick junction
- Small valleys crossing the estuaries - Smethwick Nature Reserve
- Inner city deprived area
- The Smethwick Summits
Past Connections: Past Connections:
- Saxon established-town, which forced out the - Industrial town : meaning after WW2, the
Celts UK needed workers: so people from Asia,
- 13th century: it was one of a number of small The Carribean, Europe and Africa were
ports operating under the administration of invited over to work [post WW2 migration]
Exeter. This means that the Estuary was used
for fishing and railway business
Present connections of Lympstone: Present connections of Smethwick:
- Top-heavy age structure - Direct links to town centre and very close
- Not racially diverse to the M6 - linking other cities
- Christian Ethos
Shift Flows: Shift Flows:
- Strong economy = Universities, HQ of advanced - People = post WW2 - largely influenced by
technology companies other cultures (places of worship,
- Train links - Commute between Exeter and restaurants etc)
Exmouth - Resources = used to be a farming
- Decline of farms dominated town, but since the 19th
- MET office century it has become an industrial area
- Knowledge based firms (Chance Brothers - glass works became a
- Quiet Village on weekends - loss sense of national company)
communication value - Money and investment = large investment
in education and various schools,
investment into transport over the years -
from canals to train stations and non roads
2) How do we understand place?
- People experience, see and understand places in different ways that can change over time
, Changing Spaces Making Places
Definition: the ability to understand the world around us, via our senses, to accumulate idiographic
perceptions and attention
Our culture, personal background and socio-economic level influences how we perceive/ interpret
our local area / immediate environment.
Factors affecting perception:
Gender
Religion
Age
Sexuality
Role Performed
Gender:
- Traditional gender division of labour where men and women have different public and private
spaces
- Females worry about safety - Geography of Fear (originate at home cooking and cleaning)
- Males don't worry as much (originate in the workplace and pubs for leisure)
- Architects and planners are given the issue of safety of higher priority when making
decisions about the layout of places
Religion:
- Religion may prevent you from doing/going to certain places that goes against religious
values
- Drawn to certain places due to religious teachings, historical references and ‘holy’
perceptions
- Spirituality (native religions) of places for people in any place deemed sacred
Age:
- Life cycle - progress of a person through various stages based on age and family unit, from
infancy to old age
- Shopping centre: children see it as a day out, teens see it as a leisure space, adults see it
as a chore and financial burden and the elderly see it as a dangerous place due to the lack
of fear and accessibility
Sexuality:
- People of the same sexual orientation tend to cluster together in LGBT zones with gay
friendly bars
- Gay village - homosexuals feel safe away from homophobics whilst homophobics see it as a
unusual negative way of living
- ECONOMIC ASPECT - Pink pound: Rebranding areas and houses for LGBTQ communities
to generate tourism
- Residents feel like it is more of a tourist attraction than a community = geography of fear
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