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Samenvatting psychologie
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Dit is een samenvatting van het vak Psychologie, gegeven door Ann DeSmet. Het bevat alle info van de ppt slides en alle te kennen leerstof van het boek staat er ook in.
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Elena Verbiest Sociaal Economische WetenschappenPsychologie
Elena Verbiest
1e Bachelor SEW
Prof. Ann DeSmet
2020-2021
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,Elena Verbiest Sociaal Economische Wetenschappen
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1: inleiding.............................................................................................8
Sociale psychologie: definitie en verwante disciplines...............................................8
Verschil tussen sociale psychologie en sociologie..................................................8
Aanwezigheid van anderen.................................................................................8
Hoofdstuk 2: onderzoeksmethoden in sociale psychologie............................................9
Waarom leren we over onderzoeksmethoden?.........................................................9
Cyclisch onderzoeksproces....................................................................................9
Ontwikkeling hypothesen...................................................................................9
Operationaliseren van variabelen......................................................................10
Meten van variabelen......................................................................................10
a) Zelfrapportering...............................................................................................10
b) Observatie.......................................................................................................10
Ideeën testen.................................................................................................11
a) Beschrijvend onderzoek.....................................................................................11
b) Correlationeel onderzoek...................................................................................11
c) Experimenteel onderzoek...................................................................................12
d) Meta-analyse...................................................................................................13
Ethiek en waarden..........................................................................................13
Zelfstudie: geschiedenis........................................................................................15
Geschiedenis van de psychologie.........................................................................15
Geschiedenis van de sociale psychologie (1880-1920)............................................15
Hilter en WOII hadden de grootste impact op sociale psychologie..........................17
1960-midden 1970 = vertrouwen en crisis.........................................................17
Midden 1970- 2000 = een era van pluralisme.....................................................17
Hoofdstuk 3: Het sociale zelf..................................................................................18
Het sociale zelf – een inleiding.............................................................................18
Relationele invulling van het zelf.......................................................................18
Narcisme.......................................................................................................18
Zelfschema’s..................................................................................................19
a) Macht bepaalt ook zelfperceptie..........................................................................19
Zelfregulatie...................................................................................................19
a) Zelfdiscrepantietheorie......................................................................................20
b) Zelfbewustzijntheorie........................................................................................20
c) Beperkingen van Zelfregulatie............................................................................20
Zelfconcept....................................................................................................20
a) Introspectie.....................................................................................................20
b) Zelfperceptie....................................................................................................21
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,Elena Verbiest Sociaal Economische Wetenschappen
c) Invloed van anderen.........................................................................................22
d) Autobiografisch geheugen..................................................................................22
Impact van geslacht, generatie, cultuur...................................................................22
c) Verschillen tussen generaties (cohorte)...............................................................23
Zelfwaardering................................................................................................24
Nood aan zelfwaardering.......................................................................................24
Positieve illusies...................................................................................................26
Zelfpresentatie...............................................................................................26
Strategische zelfpresentatie...................................................................................26
Zelfverificatie.......................................................................................................26
Individuele en socio-economische verschillen...........................................................27
Voorbeeld sociale media........................................................................................27
Hoofdstuk; Conditionering.....................................................................................28
Hoofdstuk 4: Sociale zelfperceptie..........................................................................31
Observatie (het ruwe materiaal van de eerste indruk)............................................31
Waarnemer (invloed van situatie op sociale peceptie...........................................31
Herkennen van emoties...................................................................................31
Non-verbaal gedrag.........................................................................................32
a) Lichaamstaal-gebaren.......................................................................................32
Attributie..........................................................................................................33
Attributietheorieën..........................................................................................33
a) Theorie van corresponderende gevolgtrekkingen/inferentie....................................34
b) Kelleys covariatietheorie....................................................................................35
Attributievertekeningen...................................................................................37
a) Fundamentele attributiefout...............................................................................37
b) Fundamentele attributiefout als perceptueel fenomeen..........................................38
c) Attributies als cultureel fenomeen......................................................................38
d) Cognitieve heuristieken.....................................................................................38
e) Motivatievertekeningen.....................................................................................39
Integratie.......................................................................................................40
Basisbevindingen..................................................................................................40
Afwijkingen van het gemiddelde model....................................................................41
Confirmatievertekeningen: van impressies naar de realiteit..................................43
Persistentie van opvattingen..................................................................................43
Confirmatorische hypothesetoetsing........................................................................44
Zelfvervullende voorspelling...................................................................................44
Hoofdstuk. Aandacht.............................................................................................48
Modellen voor selectieve aandacht.......................................................................48
Hoofdstuk 5: sociale beïnvloeding...........................................................................50
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, Elena Verbiest Sociaal Economische Wetenschappen
Automatische sociale beïnvloeding.......................................................................50
Mirroring........................................................................................................50
Conformiteit......................................................................................................52
Klassieke studies.............................................................................................52
a) Experiment Muzafer Sherif – autokinetisch effect (1936).......................................52
b) Paradigma van Asch (1951)...............................................................................53
Waarom conformeert men?..............................................................................53
a) Reden:............................................................................................................53
b) Uitkomst:........................................................................................................53
c) Experiment baron et al. (1996)...........................................................................54
d) Types van conformiteit onderscheiden.................................................................54
Contexten waarin men conformeert...................................................................54
Meerderheidsinvloed........................................................................................54
Minderheidsinvloed..........................................................................................56
a) Moscovici experiment (~ ‘omgekeerde Asch taak’)................................................56
b) Hollander (1985)..............................................................................................56
Inwilligen/ instemmen........................................................................................57
Redenen geven: de taal van het verzoek............................................................57
“Stel je eens voor”..........................................................................................57
De wederkerigheidsnorm.................................................................................57
....................................................................................................................58
Tweestappen instemmingstechnieken................................................................58
a) Voet-tussen-de-deur.........................................................................................58
b) Zodra-de-bal-aan-het-rollen-is-techniek..............................................................58
c) Deur-tegen-de-neus..........................................................................................58
d) Het-is-nog-niet-klaar.........................................................................................59
e) Overzicht tweestappen instemmingstechnieken....................................................59
Assertiviteit: wanneer zegt men nee..................................................................59
Gehoorzaamheid................................................................................................59
Experiment Milgram (p145)..............................................................................60
Invloeden trotseren.........................................................................................62
Hoofdstuk 7: Attitudes..........................................................................................65
Attitudes...........................................................................................................65
3 componenten: cognitie, affect en gedrag.........................................................65
a) Wat zijn attitudes.............................................................................................65
b) Verschillen.......................................................................................................65
c) Multicomponentenmodel van attitudes.................................................................66
d) Cognitieve component van attitude.....................................................................66
e) Affectieve component van een attitude................................................................66
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