Test Bank for Psychology Frontiers And Applications 7th CANADIAN Edition Passer / All Chapters 1 - 17 / Full Complete 2023 - 2024
Complete Test Bank Psychology Frontiers And Applications 7th CANADIAN Edition Passer Questions & Answers with rationales (Chapter 1-17)
TEST BANK FOR PSYCHOLOGY: FRONTIERS AND APPLICATIONS 7TH CANADIAN EDITION MICHAEL W. PASSER RONALD E. SMITH MICHAEL ATKINSON JOHN MITCHELL ISBN-10: 1260065782 ISBN-13: 9781260065787
All for this textbook (22)
Written for
University of Western Ontario (UWO
)
Media
PSYCH1000: Intro to Psychology (PSYCH1000)
All documents for this subject (15)
Seller
Follow
dlbrenn
Content preview
PSYCH1000: CHAPTER 13: BEHAVIOUR IN A SOCIAL
CONTEXT
Attraction
• Propinquity: physical proximity
• Closer = more likely 2 people will come into contact, increases likelihood liking ppl
• Ease of interaction is important
• Mere Exposure: repeated exposure enhances attraction
• Same photos can increase in attractiveness the more you are exposed to it
• May explain the propinquity effect
• BUT the initial must be neutral or mildly positive (otherwise can result in decreased liking)
• We prefer familiar stimuli (ex. Normal vs mirror-image photos, media exposure gets votes)
• Emotional State: emotions at a particular time can influence attraction
• Music can influence attraction (classical conditioning —> pair person w/ music you like)
• We are very influenced by initial impressions
• Physical Attractiveness & Attraction
• Major factor for both males & females
• We find morphs of lots of people more attractive
• Symmetry, features less extreme, skin tone evened out
• Features people look for
• Heterosexual men prefer “baby-faced women”
• Heterosexual women prefer mature, “dominant” faces
• Gays & lesbians = inconsistent data
• Waist to hip ratio —> 0.6-0.7
• Men prefer thin, seductive, confident, high voice, healthy hair, less makeup, dark strands
• Women prefer thin & muscular (lower consensus), humour, older, altruism, facial hair?
• Women prefer Hi/Mod attractiveness (even if good personality, unattractive not it)
• Attractive people = more dates, more social interactions, more social “success”
• Also respond to self (gaze at self in mirrored wall)
• Lying & Online Dating
• Misrepresentation: use old photos, claim to be thinner
• Men tend to lie about jobs, height, weight, physique
• Women tend to lie about weight, age, physique, height
• Halo Effect: attractive people seen as having other positive attributes
• Not just physical appearance (ex. names that sound more attractive)
• Influence of Context on Attractiveness
• Anchoring: how many attractive ppl in the room (sets standard)
• As closing time gets nearer, we find people in bars more attractive (alcohol is a factor)
• But study was reproduced in a Starbucks
Who Do You Date?
• People are more likely to respond to ads about “not looking for commitment” ads
• The Matching Hypothesis: we prefer the “best” but choose similar attractiveness to them
• Opposites don’t really tend to “attract” (don’t stay together for long)
• Same-sex friends also similar
• Mis-matched (in attractiveness) couples = friction (less attractive one feels insecure)
• Breaking up is hard —> heart rate increases for hours (very upsetting)
Social Thinking & Perception
• Consistency, distinctiveness & consensus info influence personal vs situational attributions
• Fundamental attribution error: attributing others’ behaviour to personal and underestimating
situational role
, • Self-serving bias: tendency to attribute own successes to personal & failures to situational
• Impressions can change over time, but first impression generally caries extra weight
• Stereotypes & schemas create mental sets that powerfully shape impressions
• Self-fulfilling prophecies: initially false expectations shape our actions toward others
• Impacts others’ responses in a way that confirms our initially false belief
• Theory of cognitive dissonance: people strive for consistency in their cognitions
• Cognitive dissonance: uncomfortable experience of 2 contradicting cognitions
• We then become motivated to reduce this dissonance (ex. $20 vs $1 experiment)
• Counter-attitudinal behaviour: inconsistent with our attitude (only produces dissonance if
we perceive our actions as free and not coerced)
Social Influence in Groups
• What is a group?
• 2 or more ppl
• interaction, communication, “we” feeling (social identity), common goal
• Social norm: shared rule/expectation about how group members should think, feel, behave
• Ex. laws, niceties —> socially transmitted
• Social role: set of norms defining particular position in social system
• Performance in presence of others
• Social facilitation: mere presence of others facilitates performance
• Social inhibition: presence of others decreases performance
• Drive theory: presence of others —> arousal —> tend to perform dominant response
• Correct DR (well-learned or simple task) = improved/facilitated performance
• Incorrect DR (novel or complex task) = impaired/inhibited performance
• Evaluation apprehension (anticipation of positive or negative outcomes)
• Blindfolded audience gives weaker effects (not being evaluated)
• Mere exposure (even mannequins give effects AND effects shown in other animals)
• More accurate theory than evaluation apprehension
• Group decision making is usually worse than individual
• Quality influenced by:
• Acceptance of common goals
• High status leader (talks too much)
• Group size (most effective 3/5)
• Cohesiveness (good participation BUT… groupthink)
• Groupthink: suspension of critical thinking to maintain cohesion + come to an agreement
• Common with opinionated directive leaders, in high-stress/insulated scenarios
• Illusion of invulnerability (we can’t go wrong)
• Self-censorship
• Illusion of unanimity (apparent consensus)
• Mind guarding (prevent group from hearing dissenting info by discounting/excluding)
• Deindividuation: temporary lowering of restraints when one is immersed in a group
• Anonymity to outsiders is key
• Social loafing: exerting less individual effort when working as a group vs alone
• Decreases when goal/group is valued highly, when individual performance is monitored
• Group polarization: similar-minded group makes a decision —> final decision more extreme
than average opinion of group members
• Subtle Influence
• Models (even if the influence is not direct or intentional)
• Response disinhibition: model performed desired but prohibited act
• Response facilitation: model performs “legal” behaviour and we copy
Conformity
• Conformity = change in attitude/behaviour/belief by real/imagined pressure from others
• Private acceptance: actual change in attitude
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller dlbrenn. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $2.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
