Test Bank for Psychology Frontiers And Applications 7th CANADIAN Edition Passer / All Chapters 1 - 17 / Full Complete 2023 - 2024
Complete Test Bank Psychology Frontiers And Applications 7th CANADIAN Edition Passer Questions & Answers with rationales (Chapter 1-17)
TEST BANK FOR PSYCHOLOGY: FRONTIERS AND APPLICATIONS 7TH CANADIAN EDITION MICHAEL W. PASSER RONALD E. SMITH MICHAEL ATKINSON JOHN MITCHELL ISBN-10: 1260065782 ISBN-13: 9781260065787
All for this textbook (22)
Written for
University of Western Ontario (UWO
)
Media
PSYCH1000: Intro to Psychology (PSYCH1000)
All documents for this subject (15)
Seller
Follow
dlbrenn
Content preview
PSYCH1000: CHAPTER 11: MOTIVATION & EMOTION
The Nature & Functions of Emotion
• Emotion: positive/negative feeling (affective state)
• Pattern of cognitive/psych/behavioural reactions to events w/ goals/motive relevance
• Negative emotions are central features of stress response
• Emotions further our well-being
• Rouse us to action, help us communicate, elicit empathy
• Negative emotions narrow attention/behaviour, positive emotions broaden thinking/behaviour
• Primary components of emotion
• Eliciting stimuli
• Cognitive appraisals
• Physiological arousal
• expressive/instrumental behaviours
• Personality, motivations, cultural factors affect experience & expression of emotion
• Innate factors AND learning determine arousal properties of certain stimuli
• Some cross-cultural agreement of appraisals that evoke basic emotions
• Also degree of variation for more complex appraisals
• The cognitive component: evaluative & personal appraisal of eliciting stimuli
• Thoughts can elicit emotional arousal
• The physiological component: responses produced by hypothalamus, limbic system, cortex
• 2 systems: conscious cortex processing, unconscious amygdala processing
• Amygdala evaluates emotional significance of sensory input (immediate reaction)
• Removal of amygdala = psychic blindness (objects lose psychological significance)
• Frontal Lobes create conscious emotional awareness, develop deliberate beh. response
• Take amygdala response and do something with it
• Emotional lateralization
• In general, right hemisphere is more involved than left in emotionality
• Emotional response begins on left side of face (controlled by right side)
• Negative emotions = greater right-hemisphere activation
• Positive emotions = greater left-hemisphere activation
• Music
• Involvement of Oxytocin (“cuddle” / “bonding” neurohormone)
• Unregulated oxytocin = Williams syndrome —> wild emotional response to music
• More people present = stronger effect of oxytocin
• Polygraph (“lie detector”) validity questioned (difficult to establish emotion being expressed)
• Measures arousal
• The behavioural component: expressive & instrumental behaviours
• Facial expressions = strong indicator of emotion, accuracy improves w/ situational cues
• Facial expression similarities cross-culture —> some fundamental emo patterns innate
• BUT cultural learning also influences emotional expression
• There is an optimal level of arousal for the performance of any task
• Optimal level varies w/ complexity of the task (complex tasks have lower optimal arousal)
Theories of Emotion
• Common Sense Theory
• Perceived emotion causes arousal (this theory doesn’t really work)
• Emotion provoking event —> perception —> emotion —> arousal
• James-Lange Somatic Theory
• We first become physiologically aroused and then judge what we are feeling
• Emotion provoking event —> perception —> arousal —> emotion
• Low heart rate = happy, disgust, surprise
, • High heart rate —> hot skin = anger, cooler skin = fear, sadness
• Cannon-Bard Theory
• Arousal & cognition are simultaneously triggered by the thalamus and act independently
• Cognitive Appraisal Theory (Lazarus)
• Appraisals of environmental stimuli trigger emotional arousal
• Emotion provoking events —> appraisal <—> bodily arousal —> emotion
• Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory
• Arousal shows how strongly we feel, cognitions from situational cues label the emotion
• Bodily arousal drives intensity of emotion, but labels of the emotion can be manipulated
• Arousal on its own does not lead to any particular emotion
• If you have an explanation for your bodily arousal, you look for emotion labels to explain it
• Misattribution of Arousal: mistakenly identifying arousal as produced by a source
• Excitation Transfer: residual arousal from one event can be transferred to another
• Emotion & arousal
• Darwin: expression intensifies experience
• Facial Feedback Hypothesis (updated somatic theory)
• Changes in facial expression responsible for distinct emotion
• Particular expressions can yield a specific emotion w/o stimuli
• Bilateral facial paralysis = still can feel emotion (facial movement may not be crucial)
• Botox - lower amygdala & brainstem activity after botox (facial movement important)
• Freud: expression reduces experience
• Manipulate appraisals = influence arousal level, arousal changes = affect appraisals
Nonverbal Behaviour
• Telling lies
• Simple structure, looking away, um/er, pauses to think of something to say
• Courtroom scenario
• Less likely to be guilty if wearing suit & looking at jury
• Paralanguage
• Non-content aspects of speech (HOW something is said)
• Tone, speed, amplitude, hesitations/pauses, rise/fall time
• Influential people talk moderately fast
• Facial Expressions
• Typically emotions but may reflect other cognitive states (like comprehension)
• Pretty much universally recognizable
• Can even be recognizable in nonhuman images/cartoons
• Ekman: 6 fundamental emotions to identify
• Did cross-cultural studies of recognizing emotions
• Critique: other cultures have seen Western facial expressions
• New Guinea —> less accuracy BUT still pretty accurate (shows innate knowledge)
• Display rules: when/how it’s appropriate to show emotionality
• Body Language
• Kinesics: body movement, posture
• The more people are physically closed off, the less we like them
• There can be more than one reason for different postures
• Gestures: hand signals
• Emblems: meaningful substitutes (no words to communicate the meaning)
• These gestures can vary from culture to culture
• Illustrators: accompany speech (accent, pacing)
• Regulators: maintain or change speakers
• Eye Contact
• Looking directly into someone’s eyes
• Typical convo: 30% of time, mutual eye contact (duration 1-3 seconds at a time)
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller dlbrenn. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $2.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
