EASA integrated Airline Transport Pilot License for aeroplanes (021)
Institution
OMNI AVIATION
Book
Aircraft general knowledge
I develop this document while studying for my EASA ATPL exams. To accomplish this I studied the Oxford Manual and did the Aviation Exam database. The information is brief and easy to read. I believe it contains all the information you will need to pass your exam. I hope you like it and can use it t...
021-07-02 - Ice Warning Systems: Types, Operation, and Indications 28
021-08 - Fuel System 29
021-08-01 - Piston Engine 29
021-08-02 - Turbine Engine 30
System 30
Refuel 31
Tanks 31
Fuel 32
= The Pilot = 3
,021-09 - Electrics 33
021-09-01 - General, Definitions, Basic Applications: Circuit-Breakers, Logic Circuits 33
Electrical 33
Components 33
Electromagnetic 34
Circuit Breakers 34
Logic Circuits 35
021-09-02 - Batteries 36
Nickel-Cadmium 36
Lead-Acid 36
021-09-03 - Generation 37
DC Generators 37
AC Generators 37
Three-Phase Generators 38
021-09-04 - Distribution 39
DC Generators 39
Parallel AC Generators 39
Batteries and Generators 41
Distribution 41
021-09-05 - Electrical motors 42
021-10 - Piston Engines 43
021-10-01 - General 43
Cycle 43
Components 43
Diesel Engine 44
021-10-02 - Fuel 45
Detonation 45
Fuel 45
Vapour lock 45
021-10-03 - Engine Fuel Pumps 46
021-10-04 - Carburettor / Injection System 46
Carburettor 46
Icing 47
Injection 47
= The Pilot = 4
, 021-10-05 - Cooling Systems 49
021-10-06 - Lubrication Systems 49
Sumps 49
Lubrification 49
021-10-07 - Ignition Circuits 50
Magnetos 50
Primary Circuit 50
Secondary Circuit 51
021-10-08 - Mixture 52
Rich Mixture 52
Lean Mixture 52
Mixture / Power Chart 52
021-10-09 - Aeroplane: Propellers 54
Pitch 54
Components 55
021-10-10 - Performance and Engine Handling 56
Reciprocating Engine 56
Normally Aspirated 56
Turbocharger Engine 57
Supercharger Engine 58
021-11 - Turbine Engines 59
021-11-01 - Basic Principles 59
Process 59
By-Pass Engine 60
Free Turbine 61
021-11-02 - Main Engine Components 61
Pressure Ratio 61
Intake 62
Axial Compressor 62
Centrifugal Compressor 64
Combustion Chamber 65
Turbine 65
Exhaust 66
021-11-03 - Additional Components and Systems 67
= The Pilot = 5
, FADEC 67
Thrust Reversers 67
Starter 68
Gearbox 68
Fuel/Oil System 69
021-11-04 - Engine Operation and Monitoring 70
Monitoring 70
Engine 70
Turbo-prop 71
021-11-05 - Performance Aspects 73
021-11-06 - Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) 74
021-12 - Protection and Detection Systems 75
021-12-01 - Smoke Detection 75
021-12-02 - Fire Protection Systems 75
Loops 75
Extinguishers 76
Testing / Indicators 76
Sensors 76
Fire zones 77
Engines Fire 77
021-12-03 - Rain Protection System 77
021-13 - Oxygen Systems 78
Pressurization 78
Flight Deck Oxigen 78
Cabin Oxygen 79
= The Pilot = 6
, SYSTEM DESIGN, LOADS, STRESSES, MAINTENANCE
SYSTEM DESIGN
FAILURE CONDITION CLASSIFICATIONS
Ø Minor:
○ physical discomfort.
○ a slight increase in workload.
○ slight reduction in functional capabilities or safety margins.
○ between 10-3 and 10-5 (probable) (most probable of all)
Ø Major:
○ physical distress, possibly including injuries. (NOT “fatal injury”)
○ significant reduction in functional capabilities or safety margins.
○ physical discomfort or a significant increase in workload.
○ between 10-5 and 10-7 (remote probability) (follow the probability exponential sequence)
Ø Hazardous:
○ large reduction in functional capabilities or safety margins.
○ physical distress or excessive workload, impairs ability to perform tasks.
○ serious or fatal injury to a small number of passengers or cabin crew.
○ between 10-7 and 10-9 (extremely remote probability)
Ø Catastrophic:
○ hull loss. (perda do casco)
○ fatalities or incapacitation.
○ multiple fatalities. (NOT a small number of fatalities)
○ less than 10-9 (extremely improbable) (less probable of all)
AIRCRAFT LIFE PHILOSOPHY
There is NO “most favourable method.”
“Never fail” is always false. Even with a fail safe or safe life, the component can fail.
Ø DAMAGE TOLERANT
○ withstand a certain amount of weakening of the structure without catastrophic failure.
○ takes cracking of the structure into account.
Ø SAFE LIFE
○ may be used during a declared number of cycles or flight hours.
○ structure is based on a declared time period or number of cycles.
○ replacement of parts after a given number of cycles or hours of use.
○ one load carrying component is sufficient for a given load, provided it is strong enough.
= The Pilot = 7
,Ø FAIL SAFE
○ structure can withstand reasonable loads without failure until the damage is detected.
○ implies parallel structural parts.
○ redundancy of the structure or equipment.
○ in which the adjacent structural members can carry the load for a limited time.
= The Pilot = 8
, LOADS AND STRESSES
STRESS
Ø Describe how stress in aircraft parts is calculated: force / area (same as pressure. NOT mass x acceleration)
Ø Stress occurs due to: cycle loads
STRAIN
Ø When a structure is changed from a non-deformed into a deformed state, it has experienced… strain.
(strain = tensão)
Ø Strain is a measure of deformation of the fuselage.
Ø Strain is defined as the: deformation due to stress. (NOT “absolute deformation”)
Ø Out of margin in the flight envelope, it might be possible to observe: a permanent deformation of the structure.
Ø An aircraft in flight is affected by loads. These may be classified as: compressive, tensile, shear and torsional.
(compressivo, elástico, cisalhamento e torção)
Ø A certain amount of force is applied on the airframe of an aircraft. After the force has been removed, the aircraft airframe
recovers its original shape. What kind of deformation is this? Elastic deformation.
Ø Torsion is caused by twisting and tension resists a force pulling it apart.
Ø Which of the following causes damage to an aircraft? Plastic deformation
The types of stresses acting on the points indicated by the image numbers are:
1 - shear (do NOT confuse “with more than one single force” because of the 2 forces applied)
2 - tension
3 - compression
4 - buckling; effect of more than one single force
The types of stresses acting on the points indicated by the image numbers are:
1 - tension
2 - compression
3 - torque
4 - shear
= The Pilot = 9
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