What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential?
Question 1 options:
Potassium gates open and potassium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negativ
to positive
Sodium gates open and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to
positive.
Sodium gates close, allowing potassium into the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to
negative.
Potassium gates close, allowing sodium into the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to
negative.
Question 2
What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury?
Question 2 options:
Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthes
Influx of potassium ions into the mitochondria occurs, halting the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
production.
Edema of the Golgi body occurs, preventing the transport of proteins out of the cell.
Shift of calcium out of the plasma membrane occurs, destroying the cytoskeleton.
Question 3
In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling because:
Question 3 options:
The cell membrane permeability increases for sodium during periods of hypoxia.
, Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is insufficient to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell.
The lactic acid produced by the hypoxia binds with sodium in the cell.
Sodium cannot be transported to the cell membrane during hypoxia.
Question 4
What mechanisms occur in the liver cells as a result of lipid accumulation?
Question 4 options:
Obstruction of the common bile duct, preventing the flow of bile from the liver to the gallbladder
Increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids and decreased synthesis of apoproteins
Increased binding of lipids with apoproteins to form lipoproteins
Increased conversion of fatty acids to phospholipids
Question 5
Which solution is best to use when cleaning a wound that is healing by 101. During an
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, the degranulation of mast cells is
a result of which receptor action?
Question 5 options:
Histamine bound to H2
Chemotactic factor binding to the receptor
Epinephrine bound to mast cells
Acetylcholine bound to mast cells
Question 6
What is the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity reactions?
,Question 6 options:
Antibodies coat mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation, followed by a discharge
of preformed mediators.
Antibodies bind to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids, and the immune complexes are
then deposited in the tissues.
Cytotoxic T (Tc) lymphocytes or lymphokine-producing helper T 1 (Th1) cells directly attack and destr
cellular targets.
Antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface.
Question 7
Type III hypersensitivity reactions are a result of which of the following?
Question 7 options:
Antibodies coating mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation, followed by the
discharge of preformed mediators
Antibodies binding to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids and the immune complexes
being deposited in the tissues
Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells or lymphokine-producing helper T 1 (Th1) cells directly attacking and destroying
cellular targets
Antibodies binding to the antigen on the cell surface
Question 8
Tissue damage caused by the deposition of circulating immune complexes containing an
antibody against the host deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the cause of which disease?
Question 8 options:
Hemolytic anemia
Pernicious anemia
, Systemic lupus erythematosus
Myasthenia gravis
Question 9
Why does tissue damage occur in acute rejection after organ transplantation?
Question 9 options:
Th1 cells release cytokines that activate infiltrating macrophages, and cytotoxic T (Tc) cells directly
attack the endothelial cells of the transplanted tissue.
Circulating immune complexes are deposited in the endothelial cells of transplanted tissue, where the
complement cascade lyses tissue.
Receptors on natural killer (NK) cells recognize antigens on the cell surface of the transplanted tissue,
which releases lysosomal enzymes that destroy tissue.
Antibodies coat the surface of the transplanted tissue to which mast cells bind and liberate preformed
chemical mediators that destroy tissue.
Question 10
Oncogenes are genes that are capable of:
Question 10 options:
Undergoing mutation that directs the synthesis of proteins to accelerate the rate of tissue proliferation
Directing synthesis of proteins to regulate growth and to provide necessary replacement of tissue
Encoding proteins that negatively regulate the synthesis of proteins to slow or halt the replacement of
tissue
Undergoing mutation that directs malignant tissue toward blood vessels and lymph nodes for metastasis
Question 11
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller TRUSTEDTUTOR. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $25.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
