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Introduction to Biology, Biology 1 and Biology 2 2

This will give you an opportunity to have all your biology Notes, Discussion assignment, writing assignment and learning journal for all the biology you will be doing at university of the people. These are A1 documents which will help you in your studies, this is highly recommend for you and to avo...

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Discussion assignments

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1. This is a kind of cancer that affects the liver cells which are call hepatocytes. Hepatocarcinoma (HCC) primarily arises in a cirrhotic liver, where recurrent inflammation and fibrinogenesis predispose the liver to dysplasia and malignant transformation.

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Written assignment

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Structure: according to National Library of Medicine (2022) Cimetidine is a histamine type 2 receptor antagonist (H2 blocker) which is widely used for treatment of acid peptic disease and heartburn. Cimetidine has been linked to rare instances of clinical apparent acute liver injury. It enhances ant...

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Similarities and differences between cytokinesis mechanisms found in animal cells versus this in plants cells

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Definition of cytokinesis: Cytokinesis is the process by which cells divide into two thereby dividing their cytoplasm of a parental cell. It the form by which living organism reproduces and there are two ways by which cells divide mitosis and meiosis. There are several systemic stages by which cytok...

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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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Breathing is an involuntary event. How often a breath is taken and how much air is inhaled or exhaled are tightly regulated by the respiratory center in the brain. Humans, when they aren’t exerting themselves, breathe approximately 15 times per minute on average. Canines, like the dog in Figure ...

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VIRUSES

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No one knows exactly when viruses emerged or from where they came, since viruses do not leave historical footprints such as fossils. Modern viruses are thought to be a mosaic of bits and pieces of nucleic acids picked up from various sources along their respective evolutionary paths. Viruses are a...

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MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

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The ability to reproduce in kind is a basic characteristic of all living things. In kind means that the offspring of any organism closely resemble their parent or parents. Hippopotamuses give birth to hippopotamus calves, Joshua trees produce seeds from which Joshua tree seedlings emerge, and adul...

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Cellular metabolism

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First an electron is a subatomic particle whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge. Together with the nucleus (electrons & protons) they form an atom. The nucleus which comprises of the neutrons and the protons form the center of an atom whilst the electrons fly over the nucleus in a ...

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Learning journal

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What special precautions should be taken in the crosses and in growing the plants? To ensure unwanted pollination is prevented. Pollination essentially is the different means plants interbreed and cross breed thereby exchanging genetic materials. There are different pollination agents (birds, insec...

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Discussion Assignments Unit 5

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Eukaryotes: The cell of a eukaryote has several membrane-bound structures dispersed in the cytoplasm. They are called organelles. Organelles are different functioning part of cells that enables it survival, replication and energy storage. Prokaryotes: Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack ...

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Phylum Arthropod

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• Morphology: Arthropods differ from other organism by the shape of their bodies which is segmented. Attached to their bodies are jointed limbs. They also contain a pair of appendages and a body made up of external skeleton and chitin. Both sides of their bodies are symmetrical (the same).

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Describe the hypothesized steps for the evolution of eukaryotic cells via endosymbiosis

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first endosymbiosis is when one symbiotic species is taken inside the cytoplasm of another symbiotic species and both become endosymbiotic. What happens is that two different species of prokaryotes fused together or simply when one species enter into the cytoplasm of another species through genome f...

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This trait becomes an adaptive feature because of the following points

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Structural adaptive features to regulate body temperature in Mammals and birds Mammals and birds do regulate their body temperatures to maintain a constant body temperature in all weather conditions. Keeping the body temperature constant enables organs and tissues in the body to function well. Regu...

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Evidence to support evolution

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Organic evolution is defined as the sum total of adaptive changes from pre-existing or old form that have taken place over a long time, resulting in diversity of forms, structures and functions among organisms. The concept behind organic evolution is that all living things came into existence from ...

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1. PH which abbreviation means potential of hydrogen is used to measure the concentration of Hydrogen ions in a given solution

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PH which abbreviation means potential of hydrogen is used to measure the concentration of s Hydrogen ions in a given solution. H3O+ determines the acidity of a solution just like how OH- determines the alkalinity of a substance or solution. This is done by donating or dissociating a hydrogen ion. Di...

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SCAs signs and symptoms according to the video

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 Poor coordination and balance: during physical examination a patient suffering from SCAs cannot be able to coordinate movement of his index finger from the tip of his or nose to the one of the fingers of the examiner, poor swallowing.  Unsteady gait: abnormal coordination of working position...

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Autocrine signaling

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This is the process that involves the communication that happens within cells in which one cell produces an extracellular mediator that is require to bind with a receptors on the same cell to initiate signal transduction. Autocrine signaling is a type of cell communication that occurs when a cell se...

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The applications of genomics in Agriculture

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According to the new Science of Metagenomics: revealing the secrets of our microbial planets (2007) metagenomics is defined as the study of the structure and function of entire nucleotide sequences isolated and analyzed from every other organism in a bulk sample. Metagenomics can mainly be used to ...

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Crossword

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Across 1. protein that acts as a catalyst in biochemical reactions 6. component of fat molecule 8. acidic group in amino acids 9. monosaccharide commonly found in fruit 11. fatty acid with hydrogens in different planes 12. monomer subunit of protein 14. major constituent of plasma membrane 1...

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Matter is any substance

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Matter is any substance that occupies space Elements are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot be broken down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions.

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Difference between mitosis and meiosis

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Since it involves cell let know first what a cell is. A cell can be referred to as a basic building blocks or living things. There are trillions of cells in human body each carrying out it specific functions. They also come together to form organs which as well has specialized functions. It does not...

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Cheese making lactic acid bacteria (LAB) cultures from which the derived their energy from lactulose (got from milk products)

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I would like to relate this week assignments to cheese making which basically involves the use of pasteurized or raw milk to make cheese. Cheese making lactic acid bacteria (LAB) cultures from which the derived their energy from lactulose (got from milk products). The lactic acid derived helps to br...

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One of the examples of carbohydrate polymer

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One of the examples of carbohydrate polymer is starch and it monomer subunits is glucose (monosaccharide) with a formula of (C6H10O5) n+ (H2O). The molecules are bonded by alpha linkages. Starch is composed of two different types of polymers in itself-amylose (15-20%) and amylopectin (80-85%). It is...

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How DNA is used to generate protein

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In short it simply means protein synthesis which includes and happens in cells of all living organism. To start with the derivation of protein from the cell hence DNA comprises of two processes or stages. These processes are transcription and translation. Transcription in a typical eukaryotic cell o...

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What we understood from the chromosomal theory of inheritance

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The chromosome is an organelle of a cell which harbors genetic materials that is passed from one individual to the other. So the whole idea of the chromosomes containing genetic materials brings about the chromosome theory of inheritance which was experimented by Thomas Hunt Morgan. He uses the Dros...

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The process of SCN Transfer required two types of cell.

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As understood from the introduction in the learning guide about cell communication and reproduction it becomes clear that Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) includes a scientific process that involves the use of sophisticated technology to transplant the nuclei which contain genetic material from ...

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My current diet as a Sierra Leonean

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My current diet as a Sierra Leonean with rice being our staple food comprises of over 50% of carbohydrates , 20% proteins( mostly fish, beans, groundnuts) , 10 fats and oil( from plant source), 10% vegetables( garden eggs, green leaves) , 5% fruits( oranges, mangoes , lime) and 5% vitamins and miner...

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MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

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The ability to reproduce in kind is a basic characteristic of all living things. In kind means that the offspring of any organism closely resemble their parent or parents. Hippopotamuses give birth to hippopotamus calves, Joshua trees produce seeds from which Joshua tree seedlings emerge, and adul...

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THE STUDY OF LIFE

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Viewed from space, Earth offers no clues about the diversity of life forms that reside there. The first forms of life on Earth are thought to have been microorganisms that existed for billions of years in the ocean before plants and animals appeared. The mammals, birds, and flowers so familiar to ...

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transduction, transformation and conjugation.

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According to Kaiser(2022) horizontal gene transfer (a.k.a lateral gene transfer) includes the process by which genetic materials are transfer from one organism to another different organism not from its offspring. Bacteria are microscopic single celled organisms that resides in and out or other orga...

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The pH of a solution describes its acidity or alkalinity

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Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) is a commonly used buffer for experiments in biology because its pH and ion concentrations are similar to those in mammalian organisms. It works in a similar fashion to the blood plasma buffer mentioned in the textbook, but using dihydrogen phosphate ions and hydrogen...

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Which ions are being produced by this process, assuming that each of the chemical compounds dissociate into their constituent parts once they are dissolved in water

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Preparation of the correct buffer is key to any good biological experiment and it is important that you understand how to calculate the mass of each chemical required to make that buffer and what the resulting concentration of those constituents will be in moles per litre.

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Plant: Teak (Phylum: Magnoliophyta)

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Benefit: Teak is a tall tree that grows in tropical regions and has a dense, hard wood that is resistant to rot, insects, and weathering. Moreover, teak trees produce natural oils that protect them from fungal and bacterial infections. Human Use: Teak wood is highly valued in the furniture industry...

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One example of a homeostatic system in animals is the regulation of water and electrolyte balance by the kidneys.

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One example of a homeostatic system in animals is the regulation of water and electrolyte balance by the kidneys. The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the appropriate levels of water, ions, and other substances in the body fluids (Molnar, 2015b). The kidneys work by filtering waste produc...

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One specific ecosystem where human intervention has significantly altered it is the Amazon rainforest.

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One specific ecosystem where human intervention has significantly altered it is the Amazon rainforest. Before human intervention, the Amazon rainforest was a vast, biodiverse tropical forest covering approximately 5.5 million square kilometers across South America (Rainforest Foundation US, 2023). I...

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The touch reaction in Mimosa pudica plants, often known as the "sensitive touch response," is one of the most remarkable instances of how plants have evolved different systems to respond to environmental stimuli.

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The touch reaction in Mimosa pudica plants, often known as the "sensitive touch response," is one of the most remarkable instances of how plants have evolved different systems to respond to environmental stimuli. When the leaves of a Mimosa pudica plant are touched or disturbed, they fold inward a...

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Comparison between Sexual and Asexual Reproduction

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Reproduction is the process by which organisms create offspring, and it is essential for the continuation of a species. Reproduction can be achieved through two methods, sexual and asexual. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote, while asexual reproductio...

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Comparison between Sexual and Asexual Reproduction

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Reproduction is the process by which organisms create offspring, and it is essential for the continuation of a species. Reproduction can be achieved through two methods, sexual and asexual. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote, while asexual reproductio...

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The gametophyte stage is dominant in bryophytes.

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The gametophyte stage is dominant in bryophytes. This means that the gametophyte, which produces gametes, is the larger and more recognizable stage of the life cycle, while the sporophyte, which produces spores, is smaller and less visible (Rye at el., 2016). Mosses are usually restricted to moist ...

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) A count of each species would most accurately depict how each one is distributed

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Individual Species Count is the percentage of each species, measured in amount that was caught in the net. For instance, in a sample of 500 seconds, I was able to catch 9 blackflies, 4 midges, 7 leeches, 15 lung snails, and so on.

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Temperature, humidity, wind, and light are all environmental elements that can influence the rate of transpiration.

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Transpiration is the process through which water is transported from the roots of plants to the leaves and then released into the atmosphere in the form of water vapor. This process is critical for the survival of plants because it facilitates the movement of nutrients and minerals throughout the pl...

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As a natural process, evolution is described as one in which a population gradually changes over time and eventually experiences a change in its DNA.

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In order to live and generate more offspring, species must better adapt to their environment. Charles Darwin is credited with developing this hypothesis, which claims to be the main mechanism by which evolution takes place. According to this hypothesis, each generation produces more offspring than m...

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Animal structure and function

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We have found that even the simplest species are very complicated. An organ system is a group of anatomical structures that work together to fulfill a certain function; an organ is a functional unit made up of various types of tissues. To compare the digestive systems of humans (Homo sapiens) and ...

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Arthropoda, in my opinion, is the animal kingdom's largest and most successful phylum.

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According to Rye at al. (2016), the animal kingdom is divided into nine major phyla: Cnidaria, Mollusca, Porifera, Chordata, Platyhelminthes, Arthropoda, Nematoda, Annelida, and Echinodermata. Each of these phyla contains millions of organisms that live throughout the world and vary in terms of colo...

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The endosymbiotic concept, however, only applies to the chloroplast and mitochondria.

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The endosymbiotic concept, however, only applies to the chloroplast and mitochondria. According to this theory, an autotrophic bacterium was ingested by a primitive eukaryotic cell through phagocytosis. The host eukaryotic cell then gave the bacteria a comfortable place to live, and both the entitie...

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There are significant similarities and distinctions between bacteria and viruses

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When it comes to similarities, both are disease-causing organelles, both can evolve, and both can multiply. However, the bacteria can multiply on their own whereas the viruses require a living host cell, indicating that they are alive (Rye et al, 2016). Their variations include; Prokaryotes know...

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It wasn't until the 20th century that researchers realized that viruses that infect liver cells are the primary cause of most cases of hepatitis

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The article Hepatitis C: from Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis to a Cure was quite interesting. To sum up, the article's major objective was to inform readers about the background of how researchers looked into the mysterious chemical that causes non-A and non-B hepatitis while Developing a treatment at the ...

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