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[Show more]Atrophy 
E. Cells decrease in size 
P. Still functional 
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood 
Pathological: disuse 
 
 
 
Hypertrophy 
E. Increase in cell size 
P. Increased workload 
Physiologic: weightlifting 
Pathologic: cardiomegaly from HTN 
 
 
 
Hyperplasia 
E. Increase in cell numbe...
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Add to cartAtrophy 
E. Cells decrease in size 
P. Still functional 
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood 
Pathological: disuse 
 
 
 
Hypertrophy 
E. Increase in cell size 
P. Increased workload 
Physiologic: weightlifting 
Pathologic: cardiomegaly from HTN 
 
 
 
Hyperplasia 
E. Increase in cell numbe...
Atrophy 
E. Cells decrease in size 
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell 
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood 
Pathological: disuse (mu...
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Add to cartAtrophy 
E. Cells decrease in size 
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell 
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood 
Pathological: disuse (mu...
HIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay) 
can use urine, saliva, or serum (most accurate), need to wait until 12 weeks post exposure to see antibodies, >99% accurate 
4th generation immunoassay- "gold standard" 
measures P24 antigen 
can test 10 days post exposure 
 
 
 
Mast cell 
Cellular bags of...
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Add to cartHIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay) 
can use urine, saliva, or serum (most accurate), need to wait until 12 weeks post exposure to see antibodies, >99% accurate 
4th generation immunoassay- "gold standard" 
measures P24 antigen 
can test 10 days post exposure 
 
 
 
Mast cell 
Cellular bags of...
Cardiac Blood Flow 
o From body 
 
o Through: Vena cavas Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonic valve Pulmonary artery 
 
o To lungs Pulmonary vein Left atrium Mitral valve Left ventricle Aortic valve 
 
o Back to body 
 
 
 
Cardiac Anatomy 
The heart is the size of a clos...
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Add to cartCardiac Blood Flow 
o From body 
 
o Through: Vena cavas Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonic valve Pulmonary artery 
 
o To lungs Pulmonary vein Left atrium Mitral valve Left ventricle Aortic valve 
 
o Back to body 
 
 
 
Cardiac Anatomy 
The heart is the size of a clos...
A patient in respiratory distress and is breathing 33 breaths per minute. Which ABG value is consistent with the clinical scenario? 
PCO2 15 
pH 7.30 
pH 7.45 
O2 sat 100% 
A patient who is breathing 33 breaths per minute is hyperventilating and blowing off CO2; therefore the PCO2 level will be low....
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Add to cartA patient in respiratory distress and is breathing 33 breaths per minute. Which ABG value is consistent with the clinical scenario? 
PCO2 15 
pH 7.30 
pH 7.45 
O2 sat 100% 
A patient who is breathing 33 breaths per minute is hyperventilating and blowing off CO2; therefore the PCO2 level will be low....
First 5 steps in the inflammatory process 
1. mast cell degranulation 
2. activation of coagulation cascade 
3. activation of kinin cascade 
4. release of chemotactic factors 
5.Activation of the complement cascade 
 
 
 
Role/function in the inflammatory process: Complement 
Form the membrane attac...
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Add to cartFirst 5 steps in the inflammatory process 
1. mast cell degranulation 
2. activation of coagulation cascade 
3. activation of kinin cascade 
4. release of chemotactic factors 
5.Activation of the complement cascade 
 
 
 
Role/function in the inflammatory process: Complement 
Form the membrane attac...
E. Cells decrease in size 
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell 
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood 
Pathological: disuse (muscle atro...
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Add to cartE. Cells decrease in size 
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell 
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood 
Pathological: disuse (muscle atro...
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? 
Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), liver 
 
 
 
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: 
1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis 
2. Oxaloacetate --> mala...
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Add to cartOvarian cancer site of metastasis? 
Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), liver 
 
 
 
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: 
1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis 
2. Oxaloacetate --> mala...
platelet peripheral zone 
rich in glycoproteins required for platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation. 
 
 
 
so-gel zone 
is rich in microtubules and microfilaments, allowing the platelets to maintain their discoid shape 
 
 
 
organelle zone 
This part of the platelet has granules which plat...
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Add to cartplatelet peripheral zone 
rich in glycoproteins required for platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation. 
 
 
 
so-gel zone 
is rich in microtubules and microfilaments, allowing the platelets to maintain their discoid shape 
 
 
 
organelle zone 
This part of the platelet has granules which plat...
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Where in the brain is the vomiting center located? 
Medulla oblongata 
 
 
Antiemetic agents, such as domperidone and haloperidol, are antagonists for which receptors? 
Dopamine 
 
 
What type of vomiting is caused by the direct stimulation of the vomiting center by neurologic lesions involving the ...
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Add to cartWhere in the brain is the vomiting center located? 
Medulla oblongata 
 
 
Antiemetic agents, such as domperidone and haloperidol, are antagonists for which receptors? 
Dopamine 
 
 
What type of vomiting is caused by the direct stimulation of the vomiting center by neurologic lesions involving the ...
Ventilation 
movement of air in and out of the lungs 
 
 
 
Respiration 
The process by which cells break down simple food molecules to release the energy they contain. 
 
 
 
Minute Ventilation (VE) 
Set flow of expired gas in one minute 
 
VE = VT x RR 
 
Normal VE is 5-8L/min. 
 
< 10 weaning ...
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Add to cartVentilation 
movement of air in and out of the lungs 
 
 
 
Respiration 
The process by which cells break down simple food molecules to release the energy they contain. 
 
 
 
Minute Ventilation (VE) 
Set flow of expired gas in one minute 
 
VE = VT x RR 
 
Normal VE is 5-8L/min. 
 
< 10 weaning ...
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Kidneys 
-in retroperitoneal space in abdominal cavity 
-one on each side of spine 
 
 
 
kidney functions 
-excrete metabolic waste 
-maintain water balance 
-regulate acid base balance 
-regulate blood pressure 
-secrete erythropoietin to stimulate RBC growth 
-activate Vit D to absorb calcium in ...
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Add to cartKidneys 
-in retroperitoneal space in abdominal cavity 
-one on each side of spine 
 
 
 
kidney functions 
-excrete metabolic waste 
-maintain water balance 
-regulate acid base balance 
-regulate blood pressure 
-secrete erythropoietin to stimulate RBC growth 
-activate Vit D to absorb calcium in ...
Cranial Nerve I Function and sign of dysfunction 
Olfactory 
 
sensory, carries impulses for sense and smell 
 
Loss or disturbance in the sense of smell 
 
 
 
Cranial Nerve II Function and sign of dysfunction 
Optic 
 
Sensory, carries impulses for vision 
 
decreased visual acuity and contrast se...
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Add to cartCranial Nerve I Function and sign of dysfunction 
Olfactory 
 
sensory, carries impulses for sense and smell 
 
Loss or disturbance in the sense of smell 
 
 
 
Cranial Nerve II Function and sign of dysfunction 
Optic 
 
Sensory, carries impulses for vision 
 
decreased visual acuity and contrast se...
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Primary manifestations of SRMD 
GI bleeding 
 
 
 
Cushing Ulcers 
Stress ulcers that occur as a result of TBI or brain surgery 
 
 
 
Upper GI bleed 
any source of bleeding which occurs in the esophagus, stomach or the duodenum. 
 
 
 
Upper GI bleed is characterized by... 
frank, bright red or "c...
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Add to cartPrimary manifestations of SRMD 
GI bleeding 
 
 
 
Cushing Ulcers 
Stress ulcers that occur as a result of TBI or brain surgery 
 
 
 
Upper GI bleed 
any source of bleeding which occurs in the esophagus, stomach or the duodenum. 
 
 
 
Upper GI bleed is characterized by... 
frank, bright red or "c...
Name 5 types of immunity 
Natural Immunity, Acquired Immunity, Passive acquired immunity, Humoral immunity, Cell-Mediated immunity 
 
 
 
Macrocytic Anemias 
Pernicious anemia, Folate Deficiency Anemia, 
 
 
 
Microcytic Anemias 
Iron Deficiency Anemia 
 
 
 
Neonate Platelets 
Are equal to adult le...
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Add to cartName 5 types of immunity 
Natural Immunity, Acquired Immunity, Passive acquired immunity, Humoral immunity, Cell-Mediated immunity 
 
 
 
Macrocytic Anemias 
Pernicious anemia, Folate Deficiency Anemia, 
 
 
 
Microcytic Anemias 
Iron Deficiency Anemia 
 
 
 
Neonate Platelets 
Are equal to adult le...
Mitral Valve Stenosis 
- Characterized by NARROWING of mitral valve 
- Normal is 4-6 cm 
-Narrowed is less than 2.5 cm 
- Caused by RHEUMATIC FEVER 
-More common in WOMEN 
-Oxygenated blood comes back into heart into the left atrium and down through the mitral valve to the left ventricle 
- Complex:...
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Add to cartMitral Valve Stenosis 
- Characterized by NARROWING of mitral valve 
- Normal is 4-6 cm 
-Narrowed is less than 2.5 cm 
- Caused by RHEUMATIC FEVER 
-More common in WOMEN 
-Oxygenated blood comes back into heart into the left atrium and down through the mitral valve to the left ventricle 
- Complex:...
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Upper GI organs 
mouth,pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum 
 
 
 
Lower GI organs 
small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus 
 
 
 
Hepatoportal circulation 
hepatic artery receives oxygenated blood from the inferior mesenteric, gastric, and cystic veins. The hepatic portal vein receiv...
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Add to cartUpper GI organs 
mouth,pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum 
 
 
 
Lower GI organs 
small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus 
 
 
 
Hepatoportal circulation 
hepatic artery receives oxygenated blood from the inferior mesenteric, gastric, and cystic veins. The hepatic portal vein receiv...
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