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ANT2100 EXAM 1 STUDY QUESTIONS
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ANT2100 EXAM 1 STUDY QUESTIONS
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ANT2100 EXAM 1 STUDY QUESTIONSArtifacts - Answers-Human made objects retrieved from sites that are the primary
source of information for archaeologists.
BC - Answers-Before Christ, ex 3200BC (letters follow the date)
- latest BC date is 0BC
AD - Answers-Anno Domini
- indicates a year that falls within the Christian era (after the birth of Christ)
- AD goes before the numerical age, ex: AD1066
- Earliest AD date is AD 1
CE - Answers-- Common Era
- basically same thing as AD but is intended to avoid religious connotations
BCE - Answers-- before Common Era
- basically same thing as BC, but it avoids the religious connotation
BP - Answers-- Before Present
- most archaeologists prefer to use an age estimate
- AD 1950 is arbitrarily selected as zero point
- AD 1950- AD 1066 = 884 BP
Classical archaeology - Answers-The branch of archaeology that studies "classical"
civilizations of the Mediterranean, such as Greece and Rome and the Near East
Antiquarian - Answers-- studied antiques (ancient objects) largely for the sake of the
objects themselves, not to understand the people or culture that produced them
Middens - Answers-- refuse deposit resulting from human activities, generally consisting
of sediment; food remains such as charred seeds, animal bone, and shell; and
discarded artifacts
- trash heaps people created
Potsherds - Answers-- fragment of pottery
Stratigraphy/strata - Answers-- a site's physical structure produced by the deposition of
geological and/or cultural sediments into layers, or strata, to reveal age and original
inhabitants
- established by Gertrude Caton-Thompson
Culture History - Answers-- the kind of archaeology practiced mainly in the early to mid-
twentieth century; it "explains" differences or changes over time in artifact frequencies
, by posting the diffusion of ideas between neighboring cultures or the migration of a
people who had different mental templates for artifact styles
New Archaeology - Answers-An approach to archaeology that arose in the 1960s
emphasizing the understanding of underlying cultural processes and the use of the
scientific method; today's version of the "new archaeology" is sometimes called
processual archaeology.
Why was Charles Lyell's 1865 book The Geologic Evidences for the Antiquity of Man
important? - Answers-it connected time and geology
- uniformitarianism: idea that same geological processes that go on today have always
occurred (shifting of plates, sedimentary layers)
What is "Deep Time"? - Answers-- the recognition that life was far more ancient than
biblical scholars recognized and that human culture had evolved over time
- Crude stone tools discovered in England and continental Europe, along with bones of
long extinct mammals "prove the existence of very ancient man" (Jacques Boucher
Crevecoeur de Perthes)
Nabonidus - Answers-- Most historians list him, the last king of the neo-Babylonian
Empire as the "first archaeologist"
- he rebuilt temples of ancient Babylon and searched the foundations for inscriptions of
earlier kings
- "he looked to the physical residues of antiquity - things - to answer questions about the
past."
Francesco Petrarch - Answers-- During the Renaissance he proposed that the remote
past was an ideal of perfection and he looked to antiquity for moral philosophy
- the "father of humanism"
- he and his contemporaries began to collect ancient texts and to make systematic
observations on archaeological monuments
Boucher de Perthes - Answers-- Challenged the understanding that the age of the earth
was no more than about 6000 years
- found ancient axe heads in the gravel of the Somme river and the bones of long-
extinct mammals and realized that there was a very ancient man
James Ussher - Answers-- Irish prelate who deduced from the Bible that Creation
occurred in the year 4004 BC (1581-1656)
- his reasoning was so convincing that people thought Boucher de Perthes was
mistaken, some suggested that the tools were really meteorites and others said they
were produced by lightning, elves or fairies
Charles Lyell - Answers-- wrote The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man which
included the idea that humans had lived with now extinct animals in the far distant past
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