Clinical Psych || A+ Verified Solutions.
Mental Health correct answers a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her
own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully,
and is able to contribute to his or her community
Mental Disorder Definition correct answers The DSM-5 defines a mental disorder as a syndrome
that causes significant disturbance in behaviour, emotion, and cognition. These disorders are
usually accompanied by significant distress that affect's a person's work, school, and social
relationships.
Current Definition of Clinical Psychology correct answers Clinical Psychology is a field of
practice that deals with human functioning, either human problem and their solution, as well as
with the promotion of physical, mental, and social well-being. Clinical Psychologists have varied
training experiences and different areas of expertise.
Definitions of clinical psychology contain: correct answers • Application of psychological
knowledge to alleviate distress & promote well-being
• Range of activities: assessment, diagnosis, consultation, treatment, program evaluation,
administration, research
• Guided by principles of:
- Respect for dignity of persons
- Responsible caring
- Integrity in relationships
- Responsibility to society
Evidence based practice correct answers a practice model that involves the synthesis of
information drawn from research and systematically collected data on the patient in question, the
clinician's professional experience, and the patient's preferences when considering health care
options.
How is the evidence-based practice model integrated into health and human service systems?
correct answers - Data from research, from the patient, and the professional's experience
- Importance of informing patients about options for assessment, prevention, or intervention
services
Possible limits and problems of Evidence-based Practice in Psychology correct answers - Not all
options researched, when needed
- Each person different, research based on aggregates (group differences/averages etc.)
- New challenges (Covid: phase of chaotic trial and error - completely normal)
Abraham Maslow correct answers Humanistic Psychology
- Created a third force of psychology
- Opposed existing forces: psychoanalysis and behavioral
- Incorporates the Gestalt theory
,- A great influence on management education.
- Observe the growth in children.
- The hierarchy of needs was a topic of debate for many psychologists and many new theories
have evolved from these discussions.
- He was the driving force of Positive Psychology
Ancient Greece and Rome correct answers Hippocrates and Galen:
- Origins of biopsychosocial view
Enlightenment period correct answers - Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)
- William Tuke (1732-1822)
- Benjamin Rush (1746-1813)
William Tuke (1732-1822) correct answers Quaker
- Appalled by treatment in asylums in London (naked women in chains)
- Moral treatment
- First retreat for insane people in York, England
Benjamin Rush 1746-1813: correct answers - US Founding Fathers, signed the original of the
American Constitution
- lived in Philadelphia, centre of enlightenment at that time (hospitals, orphanages)
- Father of American Psychiatry
- First American book: Medical Inquiries and Observations, Upon the Diseases of the Mind
(1812)
- First Mental Health Ward in Philadelphia
- First description of Savant Syndrome and alcoholism
European Psychiatry correct answers - Jean-Marie Charcot
- Pierre Janet
- Sigmund Freud
Pierre Janet (1859-1947) correct answers - One of the first persons called "psychologist"
- Developmental/hierarchical model of the mind that influenced Jean Piaget
- 1923 Book about suggestion called: La médecine psychologique
- Influenced Freud, Jung, and Adler directly
Psychoanalysis - The Psychology of the Unconscious correct answers Sigmund Freud (1856-
1939):
- Lived in Vienna, Austria had to leave and went to London, England
- Studied medicine, never had an academic position
- Psychoanalysis
- 1896 The aetiology of hysteria
- Freud's female patients: "hysteria" a disorder common during his time: partial paralysis,
convulsions, hallucinations, loss of speech
- 1899/1900 Interpretation of Dreams
,- 1905 Essays on Sexual Theory
- Sexuality a taboo, talking about it a relief
Sigmund Freud: Started talking therapy with J. Breuer (Psychoanalysis) correct answers -
"Talking cure": Strong belief that talking can help mental health patients instead of locking them
up in horrible conditions (Kleinplatz, 2018)
• Free association
• Dreams (open a window into your unconscious)
• Transference (emotions and internal state of the patient influence what the therapist feels)
- redirecting emotions towards therapist/countertransference: Therapists' feelings towards patient
History of Assessment correct answers First major activity in clinical psychology
- Intelligence Testing
- Diagnostic systems for groups of mental disorders
- Personality diagnostical instruments
Intelligence correct answers - First World War (1914-1918) Army Alpha and Army Beta (verbal
and non-verbal intelligence scales (the latter for illiterates and non-English Speakers)
- and second World War 1939-1945
- Wars also relevant for establishing Clinical Psychology in the US: Big problem of "shell
shock", traumatised soldiers coming home (PTSD)
Diagnostic systems correct answers - DSM - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders
- 1952 first edition for adults by American Psychiatric Ass.
- Currently 5th edition (2013)
- ICD-International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision 2018 - more inclusive, all diseases
WHO
Diagnostic systems for mental disorders correct answers Personality: Development of
diagnostical instruments
Projective Tests:
- 1921 Hermann Rorschach: Rorschach inkblot
- TAT Murray & Morgan
Questionnaire:
- 1943 - MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) Starke Hathaway - "personality
profile" 500 items, rather focused on disorders
Personality Tests - History:
- First of 10 cards of Rorschach Inkblot Test
- Free Association
- Hermann Rorschach, 1921: Psychodiagnostik
, Emil Kraepelin correct answers was a psychiatrist, and studied with Wundt, early experimental
work
Famous for
- First textbook of Psychiatry 1883
- Started research with mental health patients
- From single symptoms to syndromes = co-occurrence of symptoms
- differentiated manic depression and schizophrenia (Kraepelin's dichotomy)
- colleague of Alois Alzheimer (co-detected the biological basis of Alzheimer's dementia)
Problematic: social Darwinist, who favored eugenics
History of intervention correct answers - Development of various theoretical orientations:
Psychoanalysis, Behavioural Therapy, Humanistic Therapy, Cognitive-Beh. Therapy
- Importance of research in evaluating therapy outcomes
- Evidence-based treatments
History of intervention: Early times correct answers 1896: First psychology clinic in US:
Lightner Witmer
1900 Onwards
- Therapy schools:
- Psychoanalysis
- Behavior Therapy
- Humanistic and Existential
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Lightner Witmer correct answers - Using the term "clinical psychology" first
- Founder of first psychological "clinic" - first patient had dyslexia
- Today: rather school psychology (founded 2 schools; one for children with difficulties)
- Supported separation of Am. Psychological Association from Philosophy
- 1907 published article titled "Clinical Psychology" in journal called "The Psychological
Clinic": "Although clinical psychology is clearly related to medicine, it is quite as closely related
to sociology and pedagogy...
- Critic of concept of intelligence from the beginning
Humanistic Psychology correct answers Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
- Developed "client-centered therapy", which said that people are innately good.
Humanistic and Existential Therapies correct answers Rogers's client-centered therapy - goal is
to create an environment in which clients can see themselves honestly with acceptance.
Client-centered therapy—supportive environment for clients to feel accepted and to accept self.
