Individual Therapy
help people face fears, learn to become more fully themselves. Treatment directed at person and his/her individual makeup
Family Therapy
focus on changing organization of the family, exerts influence on entire family system, children, couple relationship, family transiti...
Individual Therapy - ANSWER-help people face fears, learn to become more fully
themselves. Treatment directed at person and his/her individual makeup
Family Therapy - ANSWER-focus on changing organization of the family, exerts
influence on entire family system, children, couple relationship, family
transitions, parent child relations
Carl Rogers' client centered therapy - ANSWER-therapy should be conducted in
private, away from distressing family relationships
Circular thinking - ANSWER-thinking in circles allows individuals to look at half of
equation they can control; reciprocity. autonomous self compared to relational
self.
child guidance movement - ANSWER-real source of children's problems were not
from themselves but from tensions in family that created symptoms
John Bell - ANSWER-family group therapy - if a therapist could stimulate an open
discussion,families could solve their own problems.
Palo Alto Group (Communications Theory) - ANSWER-gregory bateson
(cybernetics)
don jackson (family homeostasis)
Jay Haley (strategic family therapy)
Murray Bowen - ANSWER-focus on FOO, pathological mechanisms in
schizophrenic families present in all families (lesser degree). Goal was to help
partners to achieve a reasonable level of differentiation of self within context of
family relationships.
,Nathan Ackerman - ANSWER-father of family therapy. most known for work
integrating insights from individual psychotherapy with ideas from systems
theory - interested in family secrets and conflicts
Carl Whitaker and Virginia Satir - ANSWER-experiential family therapy - believed
all people alienated from emotions - favored spontaneity vs theory
Ivan Boszormenyi - Nagy - ANSWER-psychoanalytically trained - son of a judge.
Family members are bound across generations by loyalty and trust. Contextual
theory
Salvador Minuchin - ANSWER-structural family therapy - observation of family
transactions: repetition of certain transactions may develop into a pattern or
structure. Family structure is determined by emotional boundaries.
Carol Anderson and Gerald Hogarty - ANSWER-study of schizophrenia - eclectic
methodology
Marianne Walters, Betty Carter, Peggy Papp and Olga Silverstein - ANSWER-
feminist family therapy
Michael White and David Epston - ANSWER-narrative theory - focus on story of
peoples lives. meaning in lived experience - culture and language important
dominant discourse as oppressive power
Systems Theory - ANSWER-a theory of relationships and context. the whole is
more than the sum of its parts
General Systems Theory - ANSWER-Ludwig von Bertalanffy; interconnections
between humanity and the physical environment. paradigm shift - a reaction to
reductionism; based on holism. entities cannot be explained/understood as
separate parts. new appreciation of human beings. interdependence with each
other and the environment. designed to deal with complexity
Foundational Concepts of GST - ANSWER-organismic biology, organized wholes.
relationships among organs, cells, molecules rather than their separateness.
Cybernetics focuses on: - ANSWER-family rules, feedback loops (how families
maintain stability), a model of how families operate, introduced to family therapy
by Gregory Bateson
, Negative feedback loop - ANSWER-information that signals a system to correct a
deviation and restore the status quo. error-correcting information for a system.
Maintains homeostatsis
Positive feedback loop - ANSWER-information that confirms and reinforces
direction system is taking. promotes change. runaway error (phobia, mental
illness)
Feedback loops - ANSWER-processes by which a system gets information to
maintain a steady course. if you see a behavior or interaction between two people
that continues over time, you are seeing a feedback loop.
What is a system? - ANSWER-a whole that functions as a whole by virtue of the
interaction of its parts. an entity is greater than the sum of its parts because it
consists of parts + way parts act together + qualities that emerge from
relationships. an entity with a hierarchy to organize its complexity higher levels
direct lower levels.
Open systems - ANSWER-constant interchange of info, energies and materials
with one's environment. constantly in motion, constantly changing - dynamic.
regulated by feedback that can be positive or negative. a change in any one part
of the system will automatically alter the whole.
Family Systems theory - ANSWER-stemmed from GST. theory suggests that
individuals cannot be understood in isolation from one another. families are
systems of interconnected and interdependent individuals, none of whom can be
understood in isolation from the system.
Family rules - ANSWER-rules about how the family operates- often unspoken
homeostasis - ANSWER-equilibrium. typical ways of being - reliable and
predictable. system pulls for things to stay the same (no change)
Circular causality and systems - ANSWER-each family member's behavior is
influenced by and influences the other family members behaviors. they are each
impacting the other, in a circular manner.
Entropy - ANSWER-a measure of amount of disorder in a system, everything
disintegrates over time, effects offset by system transforming itself continuously,
systems maintain order through repair, maintenance, frowing
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