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Advanced Pathophysiology
Overview of the Blood - answer-•Blood 
•5000ml •Plasma •3000ml 
Hematocrit defined - answer-- % of RBCs 
[higher value = higher viscosity = thicker blood) - Example: Polycythemia may have Hct of 60-70% 
Types of Blood Cells 
- Erythrocytes [RBCs) - answer-- Transport O2 
- Small disc shape 
- Lifespan = 120 days 
- Carry Hgb [ferrous oxide, also an acid/base buffer) - Made in the bone marrow - Iliac crest for sample in leukemia 
[after age 20 in the vertebrae, sternum, ribs, iliac) - Hgb...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 52 pages •
Overview of the Blood - answer-•Blood 
•5000ml •Plasma •3000ml 
Hematocrit defined - answer-- % of RBCs 
[higher value = higher viscosity = thicker blood) - Example: Polycythemia may have Hct of 60-70% 
Types of Blood Cells 
- Erythrocytes [RBCs) - answer-- Transport O2 
- Small disc shape 
- Lifespan = 120 days 
- Carry Hgb [ferrous oxide, also an acid/base buffer) - Made in the bone marrow - Iliac crest for sample in leukemia 
[after age 20 in the vertebrae, sternum, ribs, iliac) - Hgb...
Advanced Pathophysiology
1. Compare and contrast the two major classes of living cells. - answer- Size, Organelles, Nucleus, Nuclear envelope, Histones, genetics: 
Prokaryotes: no organelles; no nuclear membrane; single circular 
chromosome; lack histones • Eukaryotes: (good, nucleus) larger, more extensive intracellular 
anatomy and organization; membrane-bound organelles; well defined 
nucleus; several chromosomes 
Describe and give an example of: Movement - answer-Muscle cells, contraction 
Describe and give an exa...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 6 pages •
1. Compare and contrast the two major classes of living cells. - answer- Size, Organelles, Nucleus, Nuclear envelope, Histones, genetics: 
Prokaryotes: no organelles; no nuclear membrane; single circular 
chromosome; lack histones • Eukaryotes: (good, nucleus) larger, more extensive intracellular 
anatomy and organization; membrane-bound organelles; well defined 
nucleus; several chromosomes 
Describe and give an example of: Movement - answer-Muscle cells, contraction 
Describe and give an exa...
Advanced Pathophysiology
Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic 
absorption? 
A. Cells can synthesize fats. B. Cells can take in and use nutrients 
C. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. D. Cells can produce proteins. - answer-B. Cells can take in and use 
nutrients 
Where is most of a cell's genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained? 
A. Lysosome 
B. Mitochondria 
C. Ribosome 
D. Nucleolus - answer-D. Nucleolus 
Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it i...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 27 pages •
Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic 
absorption? 
A. Cells can synthesize fats. B. Cells can take in and use nutrients 
C. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. D. Cells can produce proteins. - answer-B. Cells can take in and use 
nutrients 
Where is most of a cell's genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained? 
A. Lysosome 
B. Mitochondria 
C. Ribosome 
D. Nucleolus - answer-D. Nucleolus 
Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it i...
Advanced Pathophysiology
True - answer-1. Anaplasia is recognized by loss of organization and a 
marked increase in nuclear size. (T/F) 
True - answer-2. Cells with mutant TP53 genes escape apoptosis. (T/F) 
osteogenic sarcoma - answer-3. Which cancer originates from 
connective tissue? 
Epithelial cells - answer-4. Carcinoma refers to abnormal cell 
proliferation originating from which tissue origin? 
c. Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells. - answer-5. What are characteristics of cancer in situ? 
...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 10 pages •
True - answer-1. Anaplasia is recognized by loss of organization and a 
marked increase in nuclear size. (T/F) 
True - answer-2. Cells with mutant TP53 genes escape apoptosis. (T/F) 
osteogenic sarcoma - answer-3. Which cancer originates from 
connective tissue? 
Epithelial cells - answer-4. Carcinoma refers to abnormal cell 
proliferation originating from which tissue origin? 
c. Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells. - answer-5. What are characteristics of cancer in situ? 
...
Advanced Pathophysiology
Which of the following congenital GI abnormalities is described as the 
absence of neural crest derived cells within the colon? 
A) Hirschsprung disease 
B) Meckel diverticulum 
C) Atresia 
D) Stenosis - answer-A) Hirschsprung disease 
Basal zone hyperplasia exceeding 20% of the thickness of the esophageal 
epithelium, accompanied by elongation of lamina propria papillae and 
by inflammatory infiltrates that contain few eosinophils is a histologic 
finding most typical of which disease? 
A) refl...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 11 pages •
Which of the following congenital GI abnormalities is described as the 
absence of neural crest derived cells within the colon? 
A) Hirschsprung disease 
B) Meckel diverticulum 
C) Atresia 
D) Stenosis - answer-A) Hirschsprung disease 
Basal zone hyperplasia exceeding 20% of the thickness of the esophageal 
epithelium, accompanied by elongation of lamina propria papillae and 
by inflammatory infiltrates that contain few eosinophils is a histologic 
finding most typical of which disease? 
A) refl...
Advanced Pathology
What is the probable cause of cellular swelling in the early stages of cell 
injury? - answer-Na-K pump fails to remove intracellular Na+ 
The mechanism for liver damage related to chronic alcoholism is: - answer-Oxidative stress. Free radicals cause damage by: - answer-Giving up on electron, which 
cause injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane. The loss of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia causes cells to: - answer-Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride. During cell...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 26 pages •
What is the probable cause of cellular swelling in the early stages of cell 
injury? - answer-Na-K pump fails to remove intracellular Na+ 
The mechanism for liver damage related to chronic alcoholism is: - answer-Oxidative stress. Free radicals cause damage by: - answer-Giving up on electron, which 
cause injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane. The loss of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia causes cells to: - answer-Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride. During cell...
nur 222
you are a school nurse performing Vision screening for a mild cognitively delayed 7 year 
old. using the snellen eye chart, the majority of letters from the top of the chart down he 
got wrong. what is your next best step? 
-send him to an eye doctor as his vision should be 20/30 or better by this age 
-mark this a normal assessment and return him to class 
-perform vision screening with a pictorial screening chart 
-perform the test again in 1-2 weeks - Correct Answer--perform vision screening ...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 37 pages •
you are a school nurse performing Vision screening for a mild cognitively delayed 7 year 
old. using the snellen eye chart, the majority of letters from the top of the chart down he 
got wrong. what is your next best step? 
-send him to an eye doctor as his vision should be 20/30 or better by this age 
-mark this a normal assessment and return him to class 
-perform vision screening with a pictorial screening chart 
-perform the test again in 1-2 weeks - Correct Answer--perform vision screening ...
NURS 222
During the 1870s, tuberculosis was rampant among the indigenous population of the 
plains - Correct Answer-false 
in the early 1870s, the first nations of the west were self governing peoples relying on 
bison as the basis for their economy - Correct Answer-true 
what contributed to food shortages on the plains - Correct Answer-disappearance of the 
bison 
what year were indians made wards of the canadian state - Correct Answer-1876 
which of the following causes reemergence of TB in individuals...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 7 pages •
During the 1870s, tuberculosis was rampant among the indigenous population of the 
plains - Correct Answer-false 
in the early 1870s, the first nations of the west were self governing peoples relying on 
bison as the basis for their economy - Correct Answer-true 
what contributed to food shortages on the plains - Correct Answer-disappearance of the 
bison 
what year were indians made wards of the canadian state - Correct Answer-1876 
which of the following causes reemergence of TB in individuals...
NUR 222
A nurse is preparing a diet plan for a client admitted to a wound care unit. After the 
nurse explains the diet plan to the client, the client asks the reason for an increase in 
intake of citrus fruits. What should the nurse explain to the client: Answer-They 
have antioxidant properties, they help in collagen synthesis, they provide fuel for cell 
energy 
The nurse is attending to a client who is immobilized due to stroke. What measures 
should the nurse take to prevent development of pressur...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 5 pages •
A nurse is preparing a diet plan for a client admitted to a wound care unit. After the 
nurse explains the diet plan to the client, the client asks the reason for an increase in 
intake of citrus fruits. What should the nurse explain to the client: Answer-They 
have antioxidant properties, they help in collagen synthesis, they provide fuel for cell 
energy 
The nurse is attending to a client who is immobilized due to stroke. What measures 
should the nurse take to prevent development of pressur...
NUR 222
which definition best describes the concept of health? Answer-state of 
complete physical, mental and social well-being 
which definition describes the concept of wellness from an individual's perspective? - 
Answer-active self-care achieved by making healthy lifestyle choices 
which components are associated with the wellness paradigm? - Correct 
Answer-individual responsibility; maintaining and improving health; holistic health 
organizations define their own health in terms of which aspects?...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 6 pages •
which definition best describes the concept of health? Answer-state of 
complete physical, mental and social well-being 
which definition describes the concept of wellness from an individual's perspective? - 
Answer-active self-care achieved by making healthy lifestyle choices 
which components are associated with the wellness paradigm? - Correct 
Answer-individual responsibility; maintaining and improving health; holistic health 
organizations define their own health in terms of which aspects?...