Succinct summary of Edexcel International GCSE (9-1) China: Conflict, Crisis and Change, 1900-89
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Course
History
Institution
GCSE
In this document, I list by topic in very clear bullet-point form all the facts and statistics that are required to earn a 9 in iGCSE History. NB: This document does not explain in detail each of the events of the period, but assumes a very basic prior knowledge. Provided a decent level of understa...
The fall of the Qing, Warlordism and chaos
China had been ruled by an emperor since 2000BC, living in the Forbidden City in Beijing.
By 1900, there were 300 million Chinese, 90% of which were Han, but the Manchu ruled.
In 1898, Emperor Guangxu attempted the ‘hundred days reform’ but it was blocked by Empress
Dowager Cixi. Many Chinese hated western technologies such as railways. Cixi encouraged attacks
on foreigners to avoid criticism of imperial rule.
The Boxers attacked Christians. They spread to Beijing where the German ambassador was shot.
Westerners hid in the British legation under siege for 55 days before an international force broke it.
China had to pay reparations of £67 million over 39 years, lose its military and ten officials executed.
Reforms between 1902-1911 gave provincial assemblies with rights to vote 1909, a new army under
Manchu control 1908, the abolition of foot-binding in 1902 and nationalisation of the railways.
Causes of 1911 Revolution:
Political reforms only allowed 0.4% of the population to vote and the NCC was mainly Manchu.
Army reform was paid for by a heavy tax on salt, land, wine and tea, angering peasants.
Sun Yat-Sen spread revolutionary ideas of nationalism and republicanism from the West.
On the 9th October a group of revolutionaries accidentally exploded a bomb, sparking revolution.
The following day, ‘double tenth’, soldiers in Wuhan began a mutiny which spread to all but three
provinces South of Beijing. They found a leader in Yuan Shikai, bitter for revenge.
Sun was invited to return as president on 1st January 1912 but was pressured by General Yuan.
Yuan’s first act was to organise the abdication of Puyi.
Yuan ruled as dictator from 1912-15 but was overthrown for accepting most of Japan’s 21 demands.
Warlordism lasted from 1916-27.
Sun Yat-Sen’s three principles of democracy, nationalism and people’s welfare allowed the GMD to
start building the NRA in 1924. In 1925, Chiang Kai-Shek took control when Sun died.
In June 1921, the CCP was founded in secret in a girl’s school in Shanghai. Mao was one of the 12
founding members and Chen Duxui was the first General Secretary.
The Soviet Union worked mainly with the GMD but gave the CCP $5000 a year and told them to
collaborate with the GMD, forming the United Front from 1924-27 to destroy the warlords.
The Northern expedition, 1926-28, saw Chiang, with an army of 250,000 destroy each of the
warlords by encircling them under instructions from Galen, a Soviet advisor.
The Shanghai massacres of 1927, white terror, killed 5,000 communists in Shanghai and a quarter of
a million deaths in Hunan. The CCP was forced to flee to the Jiangxi Soviet.
The Five extermination campaigns, 1930-34, aimed to destroy the CCP. Peasants offered resistance
and their crops were burnt. This turned peasants against the GMD.
In August 1933, the NRA, led by Von Seeckt, forced CCP to flee in October, losing over 60,000 troops.
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