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÷ :÷I .
What is a covalent bond ? Practice Exercises :
A covalent bond is Lewis Structure determine the and
a chemical bond that involves the
sharing of I .
Draw the , bonding non
bonding
electron domains and find the molecular
electron
pairs between atoms .
geometry of the
following :
a . MHz b .
H2O c. BF,
2. How to molecule 's d CO2 Xe Fi, f Bi Fs
determine
geometric shape
-
a :
.
e . .
t Find the of each atom in the molecule
.
group .
the atom 's Solution
Multiply the number
by subscript
:
group .
H
Add the answer of both atoms to obtain the number of a . NH 3 :
5 +
I (3) = 8 electrons (4 Pairs )
electrons .
Election Domain :
AXZE H N
i i
H
Divide the number Number of bonded 3 Lewis Structure
by two to
get the
quantity of electron
pairs domains :
.
ii. Draw the Lewis structure and add left over electrons to Number of bonded domains I
any non :
the central atom .
Molecular
Geometry Trigonal Pyramidal :
•
If the central atom has less than 8 electrons hence does
the octet rule , b H2O (4 Pairs ) H H
not
satisfy call it octet 1/21+6=8 electrons
:
we
incomplete .
.
•
If the central atom has more than 8 electrons hence does Electron Domain : AX , Ez Lewis Structure
the octet rule , Number of
not
satisfy we call it
expanded octet .
bonded domains : 2
iii. Determine the electron domain . Number of non bonded domains : 2
central AXzEz→ # of lone
pairs on A Molecular
Geometry : Bent
Atom ,
\ # of atoms
:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:÷÷ iii.
""
"
"
÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:÷:÷÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷::: : ÷:
3. Exceptions to the Octet Rule :
d .
Coz 4+6/2) = 16 electrons (8 Pairs )
C, N O and be assumed to octet rule Election Domain AXz C
F should
always obey the :
, .
B and Be often have fewer than 8 electrons around them in their Number of bonded domains : 2 Lewis Structure
Number of bonded O
compounds .
non domains :
Molecules that have less than 8 electrons :
Baz , Bfz ,
Molecular
Geometry : Linear
Molecules that have more than 8 electrons :
. .
i. F:
SFG → S has 12 electrons . Clfz → Cl has to valence e- e .
Xefy :
8+7/4) = 36 electrons ( 18 Pairs )
Xe
'
'
. .
i '
PC Is P has to valence electrons Election Domain :
AX 4 E 2 if F :
→ .
..
. .
. .
-
Iz → I has to valence electrons .
Number of bonded domains : 4
:p :
Xe Fy →
Xe has 12 valence electrons .
Number of non bonded domains : 2 Lewis Structure
Molecular
Geometry Square : Planar
The formal of molecule
4
Charge
:
.
a
-.
When molecules have more than one
possible
.
Lewis structure ,
f Bi Fs
.
- :
7+7/51 = 42 electrons 121 Pairs ) . .
if : ..
if F
''
:
' '
applying the formal
charge allows to determine the most stable Electron Domain : AXS E-
Br
structure Number of bonded domains 5 if : if
:
group
:
.
XX valence
d Lewis Structure
Formal Total # Total
bonding e- Number of non bonded domains : 7
-
=
2
-
charge electrons non
bonding e- Molecular
Geometry :
Square Pyramidal
FC = VE
-
NE -
BI
2
Example :
FC = VE -
NE -
BEI
•
Any leftover electrons are added to the central atom .
C 4 I For molecule to be stable , formal
the
charge must be
= •
= = -
O -
a zero .
2
= 0
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