Summary
Summary Biological Cognitive Psychology ALL TRENDLE PART exams 1
- Course
- Institution
- Book
English summary of ALL material for partial exams 2 of BIOCOG Psychology Bachelor year 1!
[Show more]
Connected book
Book Title:
Author(s):
- Edition:
- ISBN:
- Edition:
More summaries for
-
BIOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY: all lecture notes summarized (including pictures and examples)
-
Summary Biological Psychology, everything you need to know.
-
Extensive notes of the lectures and book (12th edition) Biological psychology
Seller
Follow
SamBlokland
Content preview
Bio-cog PART TWO13.1; long-term memory II
Perception
What does it mean to recognize an object?
Stimuli → primary sensation > recognition > ? > response selection → response
Semantic memory: consists of many related features, this forms a whole image
Recognition of an object: the experience that the object belongs to a specific category earlier
experienced (seen, heard, felt, smelled) objects. → top-down
➔ Categorization
Categorization:
- Definitions
- Prototypes
- Examples
Definitions
Definition: A list of necessary and sufficient properties
Example: chair
- 4 legs, seat surface, backrest
There are exceptions, when for example a chair doesn’t have 4 legs, but still is a chair. These
borderline objects, make it harder to form definitions.
Example: male vs female
Do definitions mean anything when we view a male or female? Neurons in the inferior temporal
cortex can distinguish male and female faces. – Afraz 2015
Prototype
Prototype: central representation of a category: the average or centre of gravity of all earlier
experienced objects of that category.
Graded representation: membership of an object to a category depends on the similarity (distance) to
the prototype, how much the object looks like the prototype.
,Examine prototype
- Method: rating scale. Participants rate the typicality of a certain
example for a category.
- Method: sentence verification: apple is a fruit (true/ false)
- Method: priming: in same/ different judgement
memory is drawn towards prototype → bartlett’s drawing
experiment. The participant have to redraw a given image, this
is never 100% accurate.
- Subjects saw the previous image, then drew it themselves form
memory
Prototypical environments and events
Schemata: general knowledge about situations, e.g. kitchen, museum or university office. We fill in the
gaps with existing knowledge.
Scripts: general knowledge about a sequence of events, e.g. how to: make tea, take a metro, buy a
bread etc. Our brain fills in some scripts with information that doesn’t belong there. → false memories
13.2; what is being stored?
Idea of a prototype is attractive:
Concepts are intrinsically fuzzy – they have no fixed boundaries, like human categorization. This
explains finding of typicality (rating, RT, priming, naming, etc.)
What is stored?
- The prototype, abstract from earlier experiences?
- Exemplars: representation of each actual experience
Prototype theory: only the prototype is stored: an abstraction of all earlier experiences.
Exemplar approach: all the experiences are stored. When we are asked about the object, we generate
the prototype. When we categorize we DO use all experiences.
,Prototype vs. exemplar approach
Prototype:
- Advantage: very efficient storage.
- Disadvantage: requires separate storage of unique exemplars, e.g., my dog Bella.
Exemplar:
- Advantage: unique exemplars are stored as any other exemplar; no categorization problem.
- Disadvantage: a lot of capacity required for storage.
Organisation of semantic memory
Semantic memory seems to be structured:
- One fact triggers the retrieval of related facts
- Mistakes are often near-misses
What is the structure of semantic memory like?:
- Semantic network: the hierarchical model
- Multiple-trace theory
- Parallel distributed processing
Hierarchical network
Properties
- Nodes: concepts
- Activation: energy is propagated via links
- Links: properties or examples
- Inheritance: lower nodes inherit properties of higher
nodes
Cognitive economy: each property is represented in a single place in the tree.
Empirical problems:
- Cannot deal with typicality effects. Has been shown that RT ( an ostrich is a bird) > RT (a canary
is a bird). The hierarchical network predicts equal RT’s
- Principle of cognitive economy. It has been shown that: RT (a pig is a mammal) > RT (a pig is an
animal). hierarchical network predicts the opposite.
, Multiple trace model
Models of memory consolidation (either standard or multiple trace model) are also relevant to
knowledge representation.
- Standard trace model: memories become independent of the hippocampus after several years
and stay in the neocortex only
- Multiple trace model: memories keep on interacting with the hippocampus and the neocortex
Assumptions multiple trace model:
- A new memory trace is created for each new experience exemplars
- On each experience all corresponding old memory traces are simultaneously retrieved
- Individual traces become weaker as time passes, while memory strengthens through multiple
traces
➔ Recognition (or activation of facts) is the result of the collective activation of old memory
traces
Explains many phenomena:
- Typicality effect: you have more memory traces of frequent experiences → exemplars
- Automatization: enabled by obligatory retrieval of (many) other memory traces
- Semanticization of episodic memory: when many memory traces are activated in concert, any
unique episodic experience is drowned in the multitude of connections.
Criticism on semantic networks:
- Vulnerability: if one node gets damaged, all knowledge related to that node is lost → specificity
coding (1 neuron focusses on 1 concept)
- No clear ideas about learning → how is knowledge acquired
A solution of these problems is provided by parallel distributed processing → distributed coding
Lecture 13.3
Parallel distributed processing
Developed during the 80s
Not vulnerable: if there is damage, the info is still represented
- Representation of data is depended on a wide range of nodes
Other names are: connectionism, distributed networks and neural networks
The input units are connected with hidden units to output units.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller SamBlokland. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $7.05. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
77254 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now