Samenvatting van het gehele boek 'Evolutionary psychology' van Lance Workman & Will Reader, 3de druk, 2014 (5de printing, 2018). Daarnaast een samenvatting van alle readers die in YouLearn bij de module 'PB1402-Evolutionaire Psychologie' voorkomen en de uitwerkingen van alle YouLearn vragen en antw...
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THEMA 1: Fundamenten
1.1 Perspectief - - Asking the right questions -
- Tinbergen's four questions: an
appreciation and an update
1.2 Historie 1. Introduction to - Evaluating the evidence of Thema 1.2: Historie
evolutionary psychology psychological adaptation
1.3 De moderne 2. Mechanisms of - The seductive allure of Thema 1.3: De
synthese evolutionary age behavioral epigenetics moderne synthese
THEMA 2: Relaties
2.1 Seksuele relaties 3. Sexual Selection - Thema 2.1: Seksuele
selectie
2.2 Partners 4. The evolution of human - Thema 2.2 Partners
mate choice
2.3 Verwantschap 7. The EP of social - Thema 2.3
behaviour: kin relationships Verwantschap
and conflict
2.4 Reciprociteit 8. The EP of Social - How animals do business Thema 2.4
behaviour: reciprocity and Reciprociteit
group behaviour
THEMA 3: Universialiteit
3.1 Cognitieve 5. Cognitive development - Biological boundaries of Thema 3.1: Cognitieve
ontwikkeling and the innateness issue learning ontwikkeling
3.2 Cognitieve functies 9. Evolution, thought and - Enhanced memory for faces of Thema 3.2: Cognitieve
cognition cheaters functies
3.3 De rol van emoties 11. The evolution of - Cognitive neuroscience: The Thema 3.3: De rol van
emotion biology of the mind emotie
THEMA 4: Uniciteit
4.1 Sociale ontwikkeling 6. Social development - Thema 4.1: Sociale
ontwikkeling
4.2 Individuele 13. Evolution and individual - Thema 4.2: Individuele
verschillen differences verschillen
4.3 Psychopathologie 12. Evolutionary - Thema 4.3:
psychopathology and Psychopathologie
Darwinian medicine
THEMA 5: Uitlopers
5.1 Cultuur 14. Evolutionary psychology - Sexual selection for cultural Thema 5.1: Cultuur
and culture displays
1. Introduction to evolutionary psychology ....... 10 2.5 Gene flow and genetic drift ....................................32
1.1 The origins of evolutionary psychology ................. 10 2.6 Levels of selection - the fittest what? .....................33
1.2 A history of evolutionary thinking ......................... 10 2.6.1 Group selection ...................................................33
1.2.1 Evolution before Darwin ..................................... 10 2.6.2 Inclusive fitness ...................................................34
1.2.2 Darwin and natural selection .............................. 11 2.6.3 Reciprocal altruism ..............................................36
1.2.3 Mendel and the birth of genetics ....................... 12 2.7 The selfish gene ......................................................36
1.2.4 From evolution to evolutionary psychology ....... 12 2.8 Summary .................................................................37
1.2.5 Early attempts at an evolutionary psychology ... 12 3. Sexual Selection ........................................... 39
1.2.6 The rise of culture as a causal force in human 3.1 Darwin and sexual selection ...................................39
behaviour..................................................................... 14 3.2 Intrasexual and intersexual selection .....................39
1.2.7 Cultural relativity ................................................ 14
3.3 Intrasexual and intersexual selection .....................39
1.2.8 Sigmund Freud .................................................... 16
3.4 Theories of sexual selection ...................................40
1.2.9 E.O. Wilson and sociobiology.............................. 16
3.4.1 Sexy males and parental investment ...................40
1.2.10 From sociobiology to evolutionary psychology 16
3.5 Parental investment ...............................................41
1.3 Evolutionary psychology: present and future ........ 19 3.6 Female choice and male adornment ......................41
1.3.1 Methods for evaluating evolutionary theories ... 19
3.7 The parasite theory and honest signaling ..............41
1.3.2 Everything is an adaptation ................................ 20
3.7.1 Evaluating theories on female choice and male
1.3.3 Evolutionary psychology espouses genetic adornment ....................................................................42
determination .............................................................. 20 3.7.2 What's so good about sex? ..................................43
1.3.4 Evolutionary psychology is reductionist ............. 21
3.7.3 Why bother with sex? ..........................................43
1.3.5 Evolutionary psychology is politically incorrect .. 21
3.7.4 Ratchets, raffles and tangles ...............................44
1.4 Summary ................................................................ 22
3.7.5 The effects of living and the physical
2. Mechanisms of evolutionary age .................. 24 environments ...............................................................44
2.1 Darwin's theory of evolution ................................. 24 3.7.6 The red queen .....................................................45
2.1.1 Artificial selection ............................................... 24 3.7.7 Sex, evolution and behaviour ..............................46
2.1.2 Natural selection................................................. 24 3.7.8 Female choice and male reproductive success ...46
2.2 Mendel and post-Mendelian genetics ................... 25 3.7.9 Competitive males - and female behaviour.........47
2.2.1 Mendel's findings................................................ 25 3.8 Summary .................................................................47
2.3 Modifications of Mendel's laws ............................. 27 4. The evolution of human mate choice ............ 50
2.3.1 Genes and chromosomes ................................... 27 4.1 Testing the claims of evolutionary psychologists ...50
2.3.2 Factors affecting the transmission of genes ....... 27 4.2 Origins of human mate choice: the social behaviour
of our relatives .............................................................50
2.3.3 Other exceptions to Mendel's laws .................... 28
4.2.1 Chimpanzees Pan troglodytes .............................50
2.4 Modern genetics .................................................... 30
2.4.1 Genes and the structure of DNA......................... 30 4.2.2 Pygmy Chimpanzees (Bonobo) Pan paniscus ......51
4.2.3 Gorillas Gorilla beringer and Gorilla gorilla .........52
2.4.2 Heritability of characteristics .............................. 32
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,4.2.4 Baboons Papio .................................................... 53 5.10 Studying object permanence using habituation
4.3 Reconstructing human behavioural evolution ...... 54 studies ..........................................................................73
5.11 Is this evidence for innate knowledge? ................73
4.3.1 Meat-eating ancestors ........................................ 54
4.3.2 The provisioning hypothesis ............................... 54 5.12 Recognizing conspecifics: a comparative
perspective ...................................................................73
4.3.3 Why only men? ................................................... 55
5.13 Infants' preferences for faces in general ..............74
4.3.4 Cryptic oestrus .................................................... 56
5.14 Recognizing specific people ..................................74
4.3.5 Science or speculation ........................................ 57
5.15 Mind-reading: the development of a theory of
4.4 Sexual dimorphism and mating systems ............... 57 mind ..............................................................................75
4.5 Human mating strategies ...................................... 58 5.16 Theory of mind and false beliefs ..........................75
4.6 Long-term mate choice preferences ..................... 59 5.17 How does theory of mind develop? .....................76
4.6.1 Preferences for financial resources, 5.18 The role of experience in developing a theory of
industriousness and social status ................................ 59 mind ..............................................................................76
4.6.2 Preference for good looks .................................. 60 5.19 Is theory of mind modular - the case of autism....77
4.6.3 Preference for love and dependability ............... 61 5.20 Autism, sex differences and cognitive development
4.6.4 Preference for chastity ....................................... 61 ......................................................................................77
4.6.5 Emotional stability and pleasing disposition ...... 63 5.21 Females and empathizing .....................................78
4.7.1 Size of testes and mating strategy ...................... 63 5.23 Williams syndrome: the extreme female brain ....80
4.7.2 Pre- and extra-marital activities ......................... 64 5.24 The cause of Williams syndrome ..........................80
4.7.3 Cost and benefits of short-term relationships to 5.25 Williams syndrome: a modular account ...............81
men and women .......................................................... 64 5.26 Evidence against a modular account of Williams
4.7.4 How many partners? .......................................... 65 syndrome ......................................................................81
4.7.5 What is in casual sex for women? ...................... 65 5.27 Alternatives to modularity: Neuroconstructivism
and domain relevant learning ......................................82
4.7.6 Do women have a self-knowledge of their market
value? .......................................................................... 66 5.28 Evolutionary theory, modularity and
neuroconstructivism .....................................................82
4.7.8 Monogamous or polygamous? ........................... 67
5.29 Is modularity false, and would it matter if it was?
4.7.9 Cultural variability and development flexibility .. 67 ......................................................................................82
4.8 Summary ................................................................ 68 5.30 Summary ...............................................................83
5. Cognitive development and the innateness 6. Social development ...................................... 84
issue ................................................................ 70
6.3 Life history theory...................................................84
5.1 Nature, nurture and evolutionary psychology....... 70
6.4 Parents' choices: offspring quality vs. offspring
5.2 & 5.3 What does 'innate' really means .................. 70 quantity ........................................................................84
5.4 What is the evidence for innate modules? ............ 70 6.5 Maximizing fitness from the point of view of
5.5 The early emergence of specific competencies ..... 71 offspring .......................................................................86
5.6 Piaget's developmental theory .............................. 71 6.6 Attachment theory .................................................87
5.7 The epigenetic landscape ...................................... 72 6.7 Applying life history theory to attachment ............88
5.8 Learning about the physical world ........................ 72 6.7.1 Jay Belsky's life history theory of attachment .....88
5.9 Object permanence ............................................... 72 6.7.2 James Chisholm's life history theory of attachment
......................................................................................90
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,6.8 Evaluation of life history explanations of attachment 8.2 Reciprocal altruism or direct reciprocity? ............109
..................................................................................... 90 8.3 Reciprocity and human evolution.........................110
6.9 The effects of parenting ........................................ 91
8.4 Altruism in stone-age cultures ..............................110
6.9.1 Behavioural genetics: separating nature from 8.4.1 The harmless people - the !Kung San ................110
nurture......................................................................... 92
8.4.2 The sharing people - the Aché ...........................111
6.10 Group socialization theory and environmental
influence ...................................................................... 93 8.4.3 The fierce people - the Yanomamö ...................112
6.11 Group socialization and evolutionary psychology 93 8.5 Evolved predispositions to reciprocate? ..............113
6.11.1 Evaluation of group socialization theory .......... 93 8.5.1 Prisoner's dilemma and reciprocation ...............113
6.12 Differential susceptibility to rearing influence .... 94 8.5.2 Mutual constraint in warfare .............................115
6.13 Moral development ............................................. 95 8.6 Violence and xenophobia .....................................116
6.13.1 What is the evolutionary function of morality? 95 8.7 In-group loyalty and out-group hostility...............116
6.13.2 The origins of morality ...................................... 96 8.8 Natural group formation - the Robbers' Cave
experiment .................................................................118
6.13.3 Why are morals so variable? ............................ 96
8.9 Group formation based on minimal information .119
6.13.4 Universal morality? ........................................... 98
8.10 Summary .............................................................120
6.14 Summary .............................................................. 98
9. Evolution, thought and cognition ................ 121
7. The EP of social behaviour: kin relationships
and conflict .................................................... 100 9.1 What are minds? What are brains? And what are
they for? .....................................................................121
7.1 & 2 Social psychology and evolutionary theory &
Charity begins at home .............................................. 100 9.2 Cognition and the evolution of thought ...............121
7.2.1 Can kin altruism explain human acts of self- 9.3 Vision ....................................................................122
sacrifice ...................................................................... 101 9.4 Evolution and memory .........................................123
7.2.2 Adoptions and fractions - Sahlins' criticisms of kin 9.4.1 What is the function of memory?......................123
altruism ...................................................................... 101
9.4.2 Different types of memory support different types
7.2.3 Adoption in the West today - all you need is love of decision ..................................................................124
................................................................................... 102
9.5 Memory, stereotypes and categorization ............125
7.3 Parental investment and family life ..................... 103
9.6 When our memories are fallible: an adaptive
7.3.1 How much should parents invest? ................... 103 account .......................................................................125
7.3.2 The family - the result of parental investment? 104 9.7 The 'adaptive memory' approach .........................126
7.3.3 Parents help to mould the social and moral 9.8 Is memory adaptive, did memory evolve? ...........127
behaviour of their offspring....................................... 105
9.9 Reasoning and decision making in an uncertain
7.4 Parent-offspring conflict ...................................... 105 world...........................................................................127
7.4.1 & 2 Conflict at other times than weaning / Conflict 9.9.1 Fallacies concerning representativeness ...........127
at puberty .................................................................. 106
9.9.2 Base-rate neglect ...............................................128
7.4.3 Do families exist to maximize inclusive fitness? 108
9.10 Evolutionary explanations of reasoning under
7.5 Summary .............................................................. 108 uncertainty .................................................................128
8. The EP of Social behaviour: reciprocity and 9.10.1 Frequencies vs. single-case probabilities.........128
group behaviour ............................................ 109 9.11 Evaluation of evolutionary theories of reasoning
8.1 Why are we kind to other people? ...................... 109 under uncertainty .......................................................129
8.1.1 Reciprocal altruism ........................................... 109 9.12 Conditional and logical reasoning.......................129
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,9.12.1 Wason's selection task.................................... 129 10.16.1 Evaluation of the social contract hypothesis .148
9.12.2 Domain specific Darwinian algorithms ........... 131 10.17 'The mating mind' and language evolution ......149
9.12.3 Optimal data selection.................................... 132 10.17.1 Evaluation of Miller's theory .........................149
9.12.4 Understanding differences with deontic tasks - 10.18 Evaluation: language and social interaction .....150
the return of cheater detection ................................. 133
10.19 Summary ...........................................................150
9.13 Summary of logical reasoning............................ 133
11. The evolution of emotion ......................... 152
9.14 Foraging theory and adaptive decision making . 134
11.1 What are emotions? ...........................................152
9.15 Foraging theory and decision making ................ 134
11.2 Why do we have emotions? ...............................152
9.16 Evolution and cognition ..................................... 134
11.3 Darwin, James and Freud and the early studies of
9.17 Summary ............................................................ 135 emotions .....................................................................152
10. The evolution of language ........................ 136 11.3.1 The purpose of emotions in humans as seen by
Darwin, James and Freud ...........................................152
10.1 Is language specific to human beings? .............. 136
11.4 Twentieth-century rejection of universal emotions
10.2 Human language and the combinatorial power of
....................................................................................153
grammar .................................................................... 137
11.5 Emotional expression and emotional experience
10.3 Pinker and Bloom - an evolutionary theory of
....................................................................................153
language acquisition .................................................. 137
10.4 Learning the sounds of language ....................... 137 11.6 Seeing emotions in the brain - the biology of
emotional experience .................................................154
10.5 Learning words .................................................. 138
11.6.1 The amygdala ..................................................154
10.6 Constraints on word learning ............................ 138
11.6.2 The orbitofrontal cortex ..................................154
10.6.1 Children's sensitivity to the attention of others in
word learning............................................................. 139 11.7 Phineas Gage - an early study of serious brain
injury ...........................................................................155
10.7 Acquiring grammar: Chomsky, innateness and the
Universal Grammar .................................................... 139 11.8 The chemistry of emotions - adrenalin, the sport
commentator's hormone ...........................................156
10.7.1 The universal grammar ................................... 139
11.9 Learning and cultural display rules can modify
10.7.2 Chomsky and evolution .................................. 140 emotional response ....................................................157
10.8 Evaluation of Chomskyian theory ...................... 141 11.9.1 Proposed functional explanations for specific
10.9 Non-modular evolutionary accounts of language emotional states .........................................................158
acquisition ................................................................. 141 11.10 The function of specific emotions ....................159
10.10 The search for language genes ........................ 142 11.10.1 Negative core emotions - fear, anger and
10.11 Specific language impairment as a problem with sadness .......................................................................159
inflectional morphology ............................................ 143 11.10.2 Positive emotions - love and happiness ........160
10.12 Is specific language impairment really an 11.11 Does the theory of universal human emotions
impairment specific to language?.............................. 144 stand up to scrutiny? ..................................................161
10.13 When did language evolve? ............................. 145 11.12 Are all emotions adaptations? ..........................161
10.14 The evolution of languages .............................. 145 11.13 Summary ...........................................................162
10.15 Why did language evolve? ............................... 146 12. Evolutionary psychopathology and Darwinian
10.15.1 Gossip and language evolution ..................... 146 medicine ........................................................ 164
10.15.2 Evaluation of the social grooming hypothesis 12.1 What are evolutionary psychopathology and
................................................................................... 147 Darwinian medicine? ..................................................164
10.16 The social contract hypothesis ........................ 148
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,12.2 Infectious diseases and the evolutionary arms race 13.1 Individual differences and evolution ..................187
................................................................................... 164 13.2 Individual differences in personality ..................187
12.2.1 Bacterial infections ......................................... 165
13.2.1 What is personality? ........................................187
12.2.2 Viral infections ................................................ 166 13.2.2 How many personality traits are there? ..........188
12.3 Fighting back - the immune system ................... 166
13.2.3 'Lumpers' and 'splitters'...................................188
12.4 HIV and AIDS - the virus that cheats the system? 13.3 Personality and evolutionary theory ..................190
................................................................................... 167
13.3.1 Nature, nurture and personality......................190
12.5 & 6 Why can't evolution rid us of psychiatric
problems? .................................................................. 169 13.3.2 The search for an evolutionary theory for
variation in personality - what needs to be explained?
12.7 Anxiety - why worry? ......................................... 170 ....................................................................................191
12.7.1 The smoke detector principle ......................... 170
13.4 Explaining the heritable component of individual
12.8 Depression - an epidemic of modern times? ..... 171 difference ...................................................................191
12.8.1 The social competition hypothesis ................. 173 13.4.1 Non-adaptive variation due to sexual
recombination and mutation .....................................191
12.8.2 Depressed monkeys ........................................ 173
12.8.3 Machiavellians and moralists ......................... 174 13.4.2 Adaptive variation as a result of changing
environments .............................................................192
12.8.4 Is depression becoming more common?........ 174
13.4.3 Variation in personality as a non-adaptive side
12.8.5 creativity - the function of mania? ................. 176 effect ..........................................................................192
12.9 The downside of treatment ............................... 176 13.4.4 Adaptive variation due to the existence of
12.9.1 Evolution-based therapy for depression ........ 176 different ecological niches and frequency dependency
....................................................................................192
12.10 Schizophrenia .................................................. 177
13.4.5 Differential susceptibility to rearing influence 193
12.10.1 Schizophrenia runs in families - so is it
transmitted genetically? ............................................ 178 13.4.6 Variation as a result of cost-benefit trade-offs193
12.10.2 The diathesis-stress model? ......................... 178 13.5 The search for the genetic underpinnings of
personality ..................................................................194
12.10.3 How do evolutionists explain schizophrenia?178
13.5.1 Hunting for genes ............................................194
12.11 Might paranoia be adaptive?........................... 180
13.6 Explaining the non-heritable component of
12.11.1 Genes underlying schizophrenia? ................. 180 individual difference ...................................................196
12.12 Personality disorder ......................................... 180 13.6.1 Non-adaptive differences due to social learning
12.12.1 Can evolutionary psychology explain personality ....................................................................................196
disorders? .................................................................. 181 13.6.2 Non-adaptive variation due to chance ............196
12.12.2 Antisocial personality disorder (APD) - are 13.6.3 Adaptive variation due to early environment
psychopaths using an adaptive strategy? .................. 182 calibration or 'weather forecasting' ...........................196
12.12.3 Balancing and shifting theories of psychopaths 13.6.4 Secondary psychopathy as a gene-environment
................................................................................... 182 interaction ..................................................................197
12.12.4 Histrionic personality disorder ..................... 183 13.6.5 Adaptive niche filling .......................................197
12.12.5 Other personality disorders - social navigation 13.6.6 Evaluation of evolution and personality ..........198
with a leg in plaster ................................................... 184
13.6.7 Do non-human animals differ in personality? .199
12.13 Evolution and illness - explanation or
speculation?............................................................... 185 13.7 Intelligence .........................................................200
12.14 Summary .......................................................... 185 13.7.1 What is intelligence and how is it measured? .200
13. Evolution and individual differences ......... 187 13.7.2 History of intelligence testing ..........................200
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,13.7.3 One intelligence or many? - the search for 'g' 200 Thema 1.1 | Tinbergen's four questions: an
13.7.4 Intelligence and evolution .............................. 201 appreciation and an update .......................................221
13.7.5 Why do we vary in levels of intelligence? ....... 202 Thema 1.2 | Evaluating the evidence of psychological
adaptation ..................................................................226
13.7.6 Evaluation of evolution and intelligence ........ 203
Thema 1.3 | The seductive allure of behavioral
13.8 The nature and nurture of individual differences epigenetics..................................................................230
................................................................................... 203
Thema 2.4 | How animals do business .......................234
13.9 Summary ............................................................ 204
Thema 3.1 | Biological boundaries of learning...........237
14. Evolutionary psychology and culture ......... 205
Thema 3.2 | Enhanced memory for faces of cheaters
14.1 The importance of culture ................................. 205 ....................................................................................242
14.2 Culture as 'superorganism' ................................ 205 Thema 3.3 | Cognitive neuroscience: The biology of the
mind ............................................................................244
14.3 Cultural universals - the 'universal people' ........ 206
Thema 5.1 | Sexual selection for cultural displays .....248
14.4 Evolutionary theories of culture ........................ 207
14.4.1 Evoked versus transmitted culture ................. 207 YouLearn
14.4.2 Dual inheritance theory and the evolution of Digitale werkboek | Thema 1.2: Historie....................253
culture........................................................................ 207
Opdracht 1.2.1: Evolutieleer in vogelvlucht ...............253
14.4.3 Gene-culture co-evolution .............................. 208
Opdracht 1.2.1.1-1.2.1.2 Biologische grondleggers ...253
14.5 The future of culture-gene theories .................. 209
Opdracht 1.2.1.3-1.2.1.4 Psychologische grondleggers
14.6 Cultural information as replicator: the meme's-eye ....................................................................................253
view ........................................................................... 210
Opdracht 1.2.1.5-1.2.1.6 Opkomst van de evolutionaire
14.6.1 What are memes? .......................................... 210 psychologie .................................................................254
14.6.2 Memes and cultural evolution ........................ 211 Opdracht 1.2.2: Eugenetica ........................................255
14.6.3 The relationship between memes and genes . 211 Opdracht 1.2.2.1-1.2.2.2 Positief of negatief .............255
14.6.4 How useful is memetics? ................................ 212 Opdracht 1.2.2.3-1.2.2.4 Embryoselectie ...................256
14.7 The psychological mechanisms of cultural Opdracht 1.2.2.5 Verantwoordelijkheid .....................256
transmission .............................................................. 213
Opdracht 1.2.3: Kritiek en repliek...............................257
14.7.1 Why are humans such good imitators? .......... 213
Opdracht 1.2.3.1-1.2.3.2 'Just-so' stories ...................257
14.8 Others forms of cultural learning ...................... 214
Opdracht 1.2.3.3 Evidentie voor adaptaties ...............258
14.9 Why is there such a difference in cultural wealth?
Opdracht 1.2.3.4-1.2.3.5 Zwangerschapsmisselijkheid
................................................................................... 214
....................................................................................259
14.10 The importance of specialisation in culture .... 215
Digitale werkboek | Thema 1.3: De moderne synthese
14.11 The importance of culture in the development of ....................................................................................260
culture........................................................................ 216
Opdracht 1.3.1: Vormen van evolutionaire selectie ...261
14.12 The importance of horizontal transmission..... 216
Opdracht 1.3.1.1 Analogie ..........................................261
14.12.1 Striking a balance between horizontal and
Opdracht 1.3.1.2-1.3.1.3 Selectie op niveau ..............261
vertical transmission .................................................. 217
Opdracht 1.3.1.4-1.3.1.6 Survivial of the fittest .........262
14.13 Conclusions ...................................................... 218
Opdracht 1.3.2: Vormen van evolutionaire selectie ...263
14.14 Summary .......................................................... 219
Opdracht 1.3.2.1-1.3.2.2 Een kookboek smaakt niet
Readers naar goulash ...............................................................263
Thema 1.1 | Asking the right questions..................... 220
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,Opdracht 1.3.2.3-1.3.2.4 The Human Genome Project Opdracht 2.3.1.4 Het proximate niveau .....................288
................................................................................... 264 Opdracht 2.3.2 Ouderlijke investeringen ...................289
Opdracht 1.3.2.5-1.3.2.7 Dominante moeders.......... 265
Opdracht 2.3.2.1-2.3.2.2 De theorie ..........................289
Opdracht 1.3.3: Erfelijkheid ....................................... 267 Opdracht 2.3.2.3 Het object van investering ..............290
Opdracht 1.3.3.1-1.3.3.2 Genotypen en fenotypen .. 267
Opdracht 2.3.3 Ouder-kindconflict en ouderlijke
Opdracht 1.3.3.3-1.3.3.4 Nature versus nurture ....... 269 manipulatie.................................................................291
Digitale werkboek | Thema 2.1: Seksuele selectie .... 271 Opdracht 2.3.3.1 Tegenstrijdige belangen .................291
Opdracht 2.1.1: Survival of the sexiest ...................... 271 Digitale werkboek | Thema 2.4 Reciprociteit .............292
Opdracht 2.1.1.1 Ik kies jou, jij kiest mij .................... 271 Opdracht 2.4.1 Prisoner's dilemma ............................292
Opdracht 2.1.1.2 Keus en competitie ........................ 271 Opdracht 2.4.1.2 De knikkers .....................................292
Opdracht 2.1.1.3-2.1.1.5 Voorkeursbehandeling ...... 272 Opdracht 2.4.1.3-2.4.1.4 Tit-for-tat ............................293
Opdracht 2.1.2: Weerstand ....................................... 273 Opdracht 2.4.1.5 De eeuwige verwarring ..................294
Opdracht 2.1.2.1-2.1.2.2 De keus is aan de vrouw .... 273 Opdracht 2.4.2 Zakelijk verkeer..................................295
Opdracht 2.1.2.3 Genetische kwaliteit ...................... 274 Opdracht 2.4.2.1 Monkey business ............................295
Opdracht 2.1.2.4 Sexy of gezond? ............................. 275 Opdracht 2.4.2.2 Vrienden of zakenpartners .............295
Opdracht 2.1.3: Seks.. dat hebben ze veel te lekker Opdracht 2.4.2.3 Proximate mechanismen ................296
gemaakt ..................................................................... 275
Opdracht 2.4.3 De vier vragen van Tinbergen ............297
Opdracht 2.1.3.1 De baten van seks .......................... 275
Opdracht 2.4.3.1-2.4.3.4 Altruïsme ............................297
Opdracht 2.1.3.2 De gemene deler ........................... 276 Opdracht 2.4.3.5 Xenofobie .......................................298
Opdracht 2.1.3.3-2.1.3.4 Een parasiet is zo gek nog niet
Digitale werkboek | Thema 3.1: Cognitieve ontwikkeling
................................................................................... 277
....................................................................................300
Digitale werkboek | Thema 2.2 Partners ................... 278
Opdracht 3.1.1: Gemakkelijk, moeilijk, onmogelijk ....300
Opdracht 2.2.1 Wie is die man die op zondag het vlees Opdracht 3.1.1.1-3.1.1.2 Vliegen... .............................300
snijdt? ........................................................................ 278
Opdracht 3.1.1.3 ...zonder vliegtuig ...........................300
Opdracht 2.2.1.1-2.2.1.3 Ruilhandel.......................... 278
Opdracht 3.1.2: Een goed begin is het halve werk .....301
Opdracht 2.2.1.4 Investering of bevoorrading? ........ 279
Opdracht 3.1.2.1 Alles valt te leren ............................301
Opdracht 2.2.1.5 Vreemde eend ............................... 280
Opdracht 3.1.2.2 Verbanden ......................................302
Opdracht 2.2.2 Uw eigen voorkeuren ....................... 280
Opdracht 3.1.2.3 Terminologie...................................303
Opdracht 2.2.2.1-2.2.2.3 Karakter ............................. 280
Opdracht 3.1.3: Theory of mind .................................305
Opdracht 2.2.2.5 Seks, seks, seks .............................. 282
Opdracht 3.1.3.1 Fylogenetische verklaring ...............305
Opdracht 2.2.3 Overspel ............................................ 283
Opdracht 3.1.3.2 Ontogenetische verklaring .............305
Opdracht 2.2.3.1 De functie van promiscuïteit ......... 283
Opdracht 3.1.3.3 Mechanistische verklaring ..............306
Opdracht 2.2.3.2 Multidisciplinaire evidentie ........... 283
Opdracht 3.1.3.4 Functionele verklaring ....................306
Opdracht 2.2.3.3-2.2.3.4 Recept voor een gelukkig
huwelijk ..................................................................... 284 Digitale werkboek | Thema 3.2: Cognitieve functies .307
Digitale werkboek | Thema 2.3 Verwantschap ......... 286 Opdracht 3.2.1: Proximate mechanismen ..................307
Opdracht 2.3.1 Verwantschapsselectie en altruïsme 286 Opdracht 3.2.1.1 Het mechanisme .............................307
Opdracht 2.3.1.1-2.3.1.2 Het ultimate niveau ........... 286 Opdracht 3.2.1.2 Voorbeelden te over .......................307
Opdracht 2.3.1.3 Altruïsme in insecten ..................... 287 Opdracht 3.2.1.3-3.2.1.5 Misplaatst gedrag ...............308
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Samenvatting PB1402-Evolutiepsychologie | januari 2021 | Jasper Verkroost 8
,Opdracht 3.2.2: Cheater detection ............................ 309 Opdracht 4.1.3.4 Illusies .............................................328
Opdracht 3.2.2.1-3.2.2.2 De Wason-selectietaak ...... 309 Opdracht 4.1.3.5 De moraal van dit verhaal ..............329
Opdracht 3.2.2.3-3.2.2.5 Het onderliggende Digitale werkboek | Thema 4.2: Individuele verschillen
mechanisme .............................................................. 311 ....................................................................................330
Opdracht 3.2.2.6 Een geheugen als een olifant......... 311 Opdracht 4.2.1: Tegenstrijdige verschillen .................330
Opdracht 3.2.2.7 Wantrouwen .................................. 312 Opdracht 4.2.1.1 Diversiteit of optimalisatie? ...........330
Opdracht 3.2.3: Waarheid versus relevantie ............. 313 Opdracht 4.2.1.2 Tegenargumenten ..........................330
Opdracht 3.2.3.1 Waarheid is niet belangrijk ............ 313 Opdracht 4.2.2: Het leven van alledag .......................331
Opdracht 3.2.3.2 Visuele illusies................................ 313 Opdracht 4.2.2.1-4.2.2.2 Abstracte begrippen ...........331
Opdracht 3.2.3.3 Alledaagse statistiek ...................... 314 Opdracht 4.2.2.3 Persoonlijkheid ...............................332
Digitale werkboek | Thema 3.3: De rol van emotie... 315 Opdracht 4.2.2.4 Intelligentie.....................................332
Opdracht 3.3.1: De biologische basis van emoties .... 315 Opdracht 4.2.3: Verschil moet er zijn .........................333
Opdracht 3.3.1.1 Convergente evidentie .................. 315 Opdracht 4.2.3.1 De kern van de zaak........................333
Opdracht 3.3.2: Mr. Spock en de functie van emoties Opdracht 4.2.3.2 Theorieën te over ...........................333
................................................................................... 316
Digitale werkboek | Thema 4.3: Psychopathologie ....335
Opdracht 3.3.2.1 Beam me up, Scotty! ..................... 316 Opdracht 4.3.1: Een ander perspectief ......................335
Opdracht 3.3.2.2 To boldly go where no man has gone Opdracht 4.3.1.1 Een Darwinistische visie op
before ........................................................................ 317 geneeskunde ..............................................................335
Opdracht 3.3.3: Dilemmasituaties ............................. 318
Opdracht 4.3.2: Evolutionaire argumenten &
Opdracht 3.3.3.1 Le Lion de Florence ........................ 319 pathologieën...............................................................336
Opdracht 3.3.3.2 Romeo and Juliet ........................... 320 Opdracht 4.3.2.1 Evolutionaire argumenten ..............336
Opdracht 3.3.3.3 De boom der kennis....................... 321 Opdracht 4.3.2.2 Pathologieën...................................336
Digitale werkboek | Thema 4.1: Sociale ontwikkeling322 Digitale werkboek | Thema 5.1: Cultuur ....................339
Opdracht 4.1.1: Een scala aan strategieën ................ 322 Opdracht 5.1.1: Een slepend debat ............................339
Opdracht 4.1.1.1 C-F, r-K, man-vrouw ....................... 322 Opdracht 5.1.1.1-5.1.1.3 Victoriaanse antropologen .339
Opdracht 4.1.1.2 Zoek de verschillen ........................ 323 Opdracht 5.1.1.4 Een dubbele erfenis ........................340
Opdracht 4.1.1.3 Flexibiteit ....................................... 323 Opdracht 5.1.2: Memen .............................................340
Opdracht 4.1.2: Life history en attachment .............. 324 Opdracht 5.1.2.1 Variatie en selectie .........................340
Opdracht 4.1.2.1 Opvoedingsstijl en hechtingsstijl ... 324 Opdracht 5.1.2.2 Dawkins' stokpaardje .....................341
Opdracht 4.1.2.2-4.1.2.3 Fylogenetische verklaring .. 326 Opdracht 5.1.3: Relatie tussen natuur en cultuur ......342
Opdracht 4.1.3: Moraliteit ......................................... 327 Opdracht 5.1.3.1 Leiband of springplank ...................342
Opdracht 4.1.3.1-4.1.3.3 Morele domeinen .............. 327 Opdracht 5.1.3.2 Seligman revisited ..........................342
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Samenvatting PB1402-Evolutiepsychologie | januari 2021 | Jasper Verkroost 9
, 1. Introduction to evolutionary psychology
1.1 The origins of evolutionary psychology
modern evolutionary theory
- we are not necessarily the beneficiaries of our own behaviour: the beneficiaries of behaviour
are, in many cases, our genes
- the individual is merely an ephemeral and transient bit-player in the theatre of existence,
acting out a script that was not of his/her writing, a script written in the language of the genes
- so our genes aren't for our benefit, we are for their benefit
- this only applies to evolved behaviour (organs); any behaviour which has not evolved (e.g.
purely learned behaviour) may not benefit genes at all; deciding exactly which behaviours are
evolved and which are not (and which are a bit of both) is a difficult task
1.2 A history of evolutionary thinking
1.2.1 Evolution before Darwin
ancient history of evolution
- Thales (624-545 BC): ancient Greek philosopher; tried to explain the origins of life in terms of
natural as opposed to supernatural terms; he proposed that life 'evolved' out of simpler
elements with the most basic element, from which all else ultimately derived, being water
- Empedocles (495-435 BC): another Ancient Greek; suggested that in the beginning, the world
was full of bodily organs which occasionally came together and joined up, driven by the
impelling force of Love; the results of most of these unions were 'monstrosities' and died out,
but a minority were successful and went to reproduce, producing copies of themselves
- Aristotle (384-322 BC): seemingly killed off evolutionary thinking for some time by proposing
that each species occupied a particular space in a hierarchical structure known as the Great
Chain of Being or scala naturae
Aristotle and the Christian religion
- in the Aristotle scheme, which was later adopted by the Christian religion, God occupied the
topmost rung of the ladder followed by angels, then the nobility (males then females), then
ordinary men, ordinary women, animals, plants and finally inanimate objects; moving from
one rung to another was not permitted which meant that there was a natural order of things
- Aristotle's view was not merely descriptive (describing the way the world is) but was also
prescriptive (this was deemed to be the way the world should be) so any change to the
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Samenvatting PB1402-Evolutiepsychologie | januari 2021 | Jasper Verkroost 10
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