NR-222 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS (GRADED A)
Health - ANSWER-State of physical, mental, spiritual, and social functioning within
developmental context
Adaptation and reaction to environment
Health promotion - ANSWER-the concept is to promote healthy living. The model details
individual characteristics and experiences, behavior-specific cognitions and affect, as
well as behavior outcomes. The end result is a commitment to a plan of action or health
promoting behaviors. This model adapts as an individual develops over a life time.
Illness - ANSWER-Composed of the subjective experience of individual and physical
manifestation of disease
Disease - ANSWER-Failure of a person's adaptive mechanisms
Results in functional or structural disturbances
Models of health - ANSWER-Clinical model
Role performance model
Adaptive model
Eudaemonistic model
Clinical model - ANSWER-In the clinical model, health is defined by the absence of
signs and symptoms of disease and illness is defined by the presence of signs and
symptoms of disease.
Role performance model - ANSWER-The role performance model of health defines
health in terms of individuals' ability to perform social roles. Role performance includes
work, family, and social roles, with performance based on societal expectations.
Adaptive model - ANSWER-In the adaptive model of health, people's ability to adjust
positively to social, mental, and physiological change is the measure of their health.
Illness occurs when the person fails to adapt or becomes maladaptive to these
changes.
Eudaimonistic - ANSWER-In the eudaimonistic model, exuberant well-being indicates
optimal health. This model emphasizes the interactions between physical, social,
psychological, and spiritual aspects of life and the environment that contribute to goal
attainment and create meaning. Illness is reflected by a denervation or languishing, a
lack of involvement with life. A
Health beliefs-internal variables - ANSWER-Developmental stage
, Intellectual Background
Perception of Functioning
Emotional Factors
Spiritual Factors
Health beliefs-external variables - ANSWER-Family practices
Socioeconomic factors
Cultural background
Healthy People 2020 - ANSWER-4 Overarching goals:
1. Attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and
premature death.
2. Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups
3. Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all
4. Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life
stages
Healthy People 2020 (LHI)-Leading Health Indicators - ANSWER-For example, under
the Tobacco topic, one LHI is listed as "Adults who are current cigarette smokers"
(USDHHS, 2016a, para. 13). Cigarette smoking, as you will explore later, is "the single
most preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States"
(USDHHS, 2016b, para. 1).
Levels of prevention - ANSWER-Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Primary - ANSWER-The goal of primary prevention is to stop illness or injury before it
happens. For instance, antismoking laws are a form of primary prevention, as are
immunizations, seat belts, sunscreen, and nursing education about health promotion,
nutrition, and safety.
Secondary - ANSWER-Secondary prevention prevents an existing illness or injury
condition from becoming worse. For example, heart attack patients are prescribed an
aspirin a day to reduce their chance of further heart problems. Another secondary
prevention measure is screening to detect a disease of which an individual is unaware
of having, such as breast cancer, diabetes, or colon cancer. Detecting the disease
allows for treatment and hopefully prevents worsening of the condition.
Tertiary - ANSWER-After an injury has been treated or an illness enters a chronic
phase, tertiary prevention prevents the lasting effects of the condition or tries to lessen
their impact. For example, a recovering stroke patient will need rehabilitation and
physical therapy to strengthen and condition the individual to live with his or her new
disabilities.
