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Change in Motor Development Behavior
Continuous, age-related, independent, sequential
Motor Learning
Relatively permanent gains in motor skill capability associated with practice or experience
Motor Control
The neura...
Change in Motor Development Behavior
Continuous, age-related, independent, sequential
Motor Learning
Relatively permanent gains in motor skill capability associated with practice or
experience
Motor Control
The neural, physical, and behavioral aspects of movement
Motor Development
The process by which children learn to use their muscles to move and interact with the
world around them
Physical Growth
Quantitative increase in size or body mass
Physical Maturation
Qualitative advance in biological makeup or biochemical composition (cell, organ, or
system)
Age-related (vs age-dependent)
Aging
Occurs with passage of time, leading to loss of adaptability or full function and
eventually to death
Constraints
Shapes movement: discourage/limit certain movements and encourage/permit other
movements
Individual Constraints
Unique physical/structural & mental/functional characteristics (internal)
Environmental Constraints
Properties of the environment (external)
Task Constraints
Specific requirements or goals (external)
Constraint Interaction
Must identify and examine interactions among individual, environmental, and task
constraints
Atypical Developmental Constraints
Differing trajectory of motor development
Developmental Trajectories
Plotted changes in behavior over time or age
Longitudinal Research
An individual or group is observed over time
Cross-sectional Research
Individuals or groups of different ages are observed (inferred change)
Sequential Research
Mini-longitudinal studies with overlapping ages (mixed longitudinal)
, Meta-analysis Research
The statistical technique integrates the effects observed in many studies into one more
generalizable estimate of an effect
Review Paper Research
Many studies on a topic are compared and contrasted
Universality Paradox
Individuals in a species show great similarity in development
Variability Paradox
Individual differences exist
Normative Research Methodology
Quantitative standardized tests that explain average performance scores at each age
compared to norms
Descriptive Research Methodology
Qualitative biomechanical descriptions of movement patterns and longitudinal
observations
Maturational Perspective
Motor development is driven by the maturation of different systems (nature+passive)
Processing Perspective: Basic tenet
The brain acts like a computer and responses are strengthened through experience
Perceptual-Motor Development
The framework of information processing
Ecological Perspective
Development is driven by the interrelationship of individual, environment, and task
constraints
Ecological Perspective: Dynamic Systems
(motor control + coordination) Behavior is constrained by the organization of physical
and chemical systems
Ecological Perspective: Perception-Action
The psychological theory of how people perceive their environment and events within it
in terms of their ability to act (affordance)
Affordance
The function an environmental object provides to an individual
Body-Scaling
Changing the dimensions of the environment or object
Motion and Stability: "physics" of movement
Developmental changes in movement occur according to biomechanical principles
Newton's 1st Laws of Motion
An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion until acted upon
by a force (inertia)
Momentum = mass X velocity
Newton's 2nd Laws of Motion
An object's acceleration depends upon the force acting on it and the object's mass
(F=m•a)
Newton's 3rd Laws of Motion
To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
Force Generation
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