What is an antigen - answer✔foreign protein substance which results in formation of immune
response such as antibodies in the body
When are the CDC charts used and what do they identify? - answer✔2-19 years old; How
typical children in the US did grow during a specific period ***Standards of how children should
grow in optimal conditions***
When are the WHO charts used and what do they reflect? - answer✔0-2 yrs old; Growth
patterns among children who were predominantly breastfed for at least 4 months and still
breastfeeding at 12 months
Physical Changes - answer✔Difference in pattern on growth is a function of genetic, hormonal,
nutritional and environmental influences
What happens to digestion and absorption during physiological changes - answer✔Gastric PH:
slightly alkaline
Enzyme Development: stomach holds 10-12 ml @birth and incr. to 200 ml in 1 year
Intestinal size- large in relation to body size so they have higher absorption area
what happens during Renal development - answer✔has immature kidney as newborn will reach
maturity in 5 mo
When and why is Biochemical assessment taken> - answer✔Not a routine
Performed if marginal nutrition status is expected
lead toxicity incr. risk for iron deficiency
What do you measure with Anthropometry - answer✔Recumbent length, weight, head circum
up to 3 yrs, skin folds only when wt/ht is less than 10 or greater than 90th percentile
During a dietary assessment how do you tell if the infant has normal levels - answer✔Breast
fed- one stool/ per day
6-8 wet diapers
How does an infant grow in one year? - answer✔Triples in birth weight
Doubles in length
and 30% increase in head circumference
How fast the growth is in infants - answer✔Length: 1in/mo for 1st 6 months
0.5 in/mo for 2nd 6 months
Weight: 2.2 lbs/mo first 6 mo
1 lb/mo 2nd 6 mo
Head Circum- 4.7 in from birth to 1 year
What is the SIDS recommendation? - answer✔One year in the parents room but not their bed
What happens with the catch up and lagged down growth pattern? - answer✔Breast and
formula fed infants gain weight at about the same rate during early infancy
4-6 months breast fed infants grow slower
Why do newborns lose 6% of their weight during the first few days - answer✔fluid loss
What is the body fat of infants? - answer✔% of body weight as fat
inc. from 12-14% @ birth to 25% @ 6-9 months and decr. to 23% later
What is Fat free mass and what happens? - answer✔Lean body mass + bone mass
Protein increases from 12 to 15% in 1 yr
What other physical changes happen to the infant after born - answer✔Head size will go down
Torso and leg size incr.
What is neurodevelopment - answer✔Head movement, grasping
What is cognitive development - answer✔Perception , object permanence, object recognition
language- repetitive sounds @ 6 mo
What happens for psychosocial development - answer✔Close physical contact during feeding
for healthy development;
Feed as soon as they express hunger to build trust and well being
What factors are necessary for digestion at birth? - answer✔H+, pepsin, fat, and lactase
How is the adult requirements for nutrients differ from infants - answer✔Infants need 2-3X
more than adults per kg of body weight
What are energy needs based on? - answer✔Basal metabolic rate
thermic effect of food
physical activity
maintenance
growth
energy losses in urine and feces
What are the total energy needs to increase to during 1 st yr but not by body weight? -
answer✔108 kcal/kg <6 mo - 650 kcals
98 kcal/kg 6-1 yr- 850 kcals
What happens to energy needs for growth when we age and the energy expenditure for
physical activity with age - answer✔It decreases, It increases
How much protein is needed for 1yr - answer✔1.52g/kg - 0-6 mo
1.2g/kg- 7-12 mo
Protein is the synthesis of what - answer✔New body tissue
Enzymes
Hormones
What 3 additional Amino Acids do children and infants require - answer✔cysteine, tyrosine, and
arginine
What happens if calories are inadequate - answer✔protein is used
Why does protein intake dependent of energy intake? - answer✔Energy intake is important for
proteins synthesis and proteins are used if not enough energy from dietary
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