What are three reasons increased energy is required during pregnancy? - answer✔1. Fetus
growth & metab
2. Inc. fat stores & accessory supporting tissue
3. Inc. body weight & BMR = more work for mother
Healthy dietary patterns can improve ...? Is there a special diet they need to go on? -
answer✔Pregnancy outcome;
For the most part nutrient needs can be optimally me in well balanced diets
How many total calories are needed in the 40 weeks of pregnancy, based on for a mother who
gains 12.5 kg and to give birth to a 3.3 kg infant? - answer✔80,000
How many extra calories a day in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy? - answer✔300
What are 3 reasons that increased protein synthesis is needed during pregnancy? (less is used
for energy) - answer✔1. In mother: expansion of blood vol
2. growth of uterus/breasts
2. Placenta and growing fetus
What are the protein amount requirements during pregnancy, assuming 30% is from animal
sources? - answer✔10 g extra/day (71 g)
-use complementation of proteins
What is the protein sparing effect? - answer✔Protein requirement depends on calorie intake,
so body will use other sources before protein.
With low protein intake, N balance can be improved w. inc. energy, but only up to a certain
point. With adequate protein, inc. energy intake constantly helps improve N balance
What are 2 essential fatty acids needed during pregnancy and what are some sources? -
answer✔1. Lenoleic Acid (omega 6) - safflower, sunflower, corn
2. Linolenic (omega 3) -flax seed, walnut, soybean, and canola oil
Why are essential FA's needed during pregnancy? (2 reasons) - answer✔1. Fetus development
of brain & nervous system
2. Eicosanoids - for inflammation & immunity
EPA and DHA is what? Where can you get these? - answer✔Alpha linolenic acid (omega 3)
Fish and seafood
Why is it important to consume EPA and DHA during pregnancy? - answer✔Low stores = pre-
term birth
Better vision, higher intelligence, & mature CNS
What are some foods that have low mercury? High mercury? - answer✔Low: shrimp, tuna,
salmon, catfish
High: sword fish, king mackerel, shark
During the first trimester, why is there a positive balance of calcium in the mother? -
answer✔Inc. intestinal absorption
Inc. storage in bone for anticipated need
Decrease in urine production
Calcium is important because what is maintained by bone demineralization? -
answer✔homeostasis
What hormones stimulate the release of PTH? What is this for? - answer✔Estrogen and
progesterone
To increase calcium uptake
Describe the relationship between calcium and vitamin D - answer✔Increased Ca uptake in the
intestine, with increased hormones from lactation and pregnancy & a dec. of plasma Ca --> PTH
release --> helps with activation of 25-OHD --> 1,25-di OHD in kidney
-helps inc. calcium uptake in intestine again
-inc. Ca release from bone
-inc. Ca retention by kidney
What age group needs increased phosphorus during pregnancy? Where is phosphorus stored? -
answer✔< 18y; bone
Where is magnesium stored? What can a Mg deficiency cause? - answer✔bone;
impaired contractions during labor
What 3 reasons is iron needed throughout the pregnancy for? - answer✔1. Expanding RBC mass
2. Growth of fetus/placenta
3. Replacement of blood lost during delivery
How much iron a day is needed in pregnancy? When does iron transfer start occurring? -
answer✔27 mg/day;
after 30 wks of pregnancy
What can an Fe deficiency lead to? - answer✔pre-term delivery --> low birth weight --> iron
deficiency
How much supply of iron can a fetus store from a well nourished mother? - answer✔6-8
months
What are the 3 iron status determinants? Which one is the best during pregnancy? - answer✔1.
Hemoglobin (not good bc overlap of normal & deficient)
2. Ferritin (storage protein, problem in infections)
3. Transferrin receptor (good indicator)
What are the signs and symptoms of iron deficiency? - answer✔Weakness, fatigue
Short attention, irritability
Poor appetite
inc. susceptibility to infection
What are signs and symptoms of iron-deficiency anemia? - answer✔same as iron deficiency
Plus paleness
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