PULMONARY NEOPLASMS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+
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The most significant adaptive changes in cells include: (5)
1. Atrophy
2. Hypertrophy
3. Hyperplasia
4. Metaplasia
5. Dysplasia
Define: Atrophy
Decrease in cell number or size
Define: hypertrophy
Increase in cell size
Define: Hyperplasia
Increase in cell number
Define: Metaplasia
Reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, sometimes less
differentiated type.
Define: Dysplasia
Deranged cellular growth -> Considered precancerous
What can cause cellular injury? (7)
1. Hypoxic
2. Chemical
3. Infectious
4. Immunogenic
5. Genetic
6. Nutritional (excess & deficiencies)
7. Physical (extremes of cold and hot, electrically)
Metaplasia occurs in response to _____
Chronic irritation/ inflammation
The new/ replacement cells are more able to tolerate the noxious stimuli. This can be
reversible if the inducing stimuli is removed.
, With prolonged exposure to the inducing stimulus causing metaplasia, what can
occur?
Cancerous transformation can occur
Example of pulmonary metaplasia
Replacement of normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining by
stratified squamous epithelial cells in response to smoking
These new cells do not secrete mucus or have cilia, causing loss of vital protective
mechanisms
Dysplasia is abnormal changes in the ____, ____ and _____ of mature cells
Size, shape and organization (apperance)
Dysplasia is strongly assoicated with what? and often found adjacent to what?
Strongly assoicated with neoplastic growths and often found adjacent to cancerous cells
T/F: If inciting stimulus is removed, dysplastic changes can be reversed
TRUE
What cancer is the leading cause of cancer related death worldwide?
Lung carcinoma (it has the second highest cancer incidence in both men and women)
_____% of lung cancer cases are caused by cigarette smoking
85%
Smokers increase their risk of lung cancer 5-10x
Non smokers who are exposed to tobacco smoke have a 20% increased risk of lung
cancer
The remainder of lung cancers are caused by a combo of genetic factors and
exposure to: (4)
1. Radon gas
2. Asbestos
3. Second hand smoke
4. Other forms of air pollution
Cigarette smoking in particular is a major risk for CVA, MI, peripheral vascular
disease, lung disease, and cancer of the: (5)
1. Lung
2. Stomach
3. Esophagus
4. Pancreas
5. Cervix
Nicotine effects on the oral tissue results in diminished: (4)
1. Gingival blood flow
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