2025 HMX IMMUNOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE/ 168
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS/HMX
IMMUNOLOGY EXAM 2024-2025
1. Tissue resident sentinel cells include (3 types) ANS:->>>answer-
Dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells
2. Circulating leukocytes involved in innate response (2 types) ANS:->>>answer-
Monocytes and neutrophils
3. Phagocytic immune cells (2 types) ANS:->>>answer-Macrophages and neutrophils
4. Difference between macrophages and neutrophils? ANS:->>>answer-Neutrophils are short
lived and will undergo apoptosis after eating a microbe; macrophages are longer-lived and will eat
apoptotic cells and waste
5. General cytokine role in innate immune response (and what cells release them?) ANS:-
>>>answer-Released by dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells. Pro- inflamma- tory molecules
that interact with blood vessel endothelium to recruit circulating leukocytes, fluid, and proteins into
tissue
6. Which tissue-resident sentinel cell will release histamine upon activa- tion?
ANS:->>>Mast cell
7. Cytokines promote up-regulation of what kind of molecule within blood vessel
walls? ANS:->>>answer- Adhesion molecules
8. E-Selectin ANS:->>>
,answer- An adhesion molecule that helps to slow down circulating leuko- cytes in innate
immune response (low-affinity interaction)
9. E-Selectin Ligand ANS:->>>
answer-A ligand expressed by circulating leukocytes that helps them stick to blood vessel
endothelium in innate immune response
10. ICAM-1 ANS:->>>An adhesion molecule that helps circulating leukocytes bind to blood
vessel endothelium in innate immune response (high-affinity interaction)
11. Integrins (and the name of a specific one) ANS:->>>A class of adhesion molecules
expressed on circulating leukocytes; LFA-1 binds to ICAM-1 in a high affinity interaction during the
innate inflammatory response
12. Stable Arrest ANS:->>>When a circulating leukocyte comes to a stop within the en-
dothelium thanks to adhesion molecule interactions and can enter the tissue
13. Pus ANS:->>>Comprised of fluid and apoptotic cells/waste as a result of an
inflamma- tory response (DNA, dead bacteria, apoptotic neutrophils)
14. Psoriasis overview ANS:->>>Autoimmune disease that can cause skin plaques and
arthritis; Skin plaques are caused by immune cells migrating into the skin and initiating an
inflammatory response
15. Psoriasis risk factors ANS:->>>History of strep infections, skin injury, first
degree relative with psoriasis
16. TNF-alpha in psoriasis ANS:->>>A pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in psoriasis that
recruits immune cells into the skin and also acts directly on epithelial cells to produce
, thickened/raised patches
17. Psoriasis treatment (biologics) ANS:->>>Target the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-
alpha and therefore prevent the expression of adhesion molecules on en- dothelial cells and
prevent TNF-alpha from acting directly on epithelial cells
18. Possible side effects of medications that block adhesion molecules ANS:->>>
Sus- ceptibility to infection due to inhibiting leukocyte entry into tissue
19. Most abundant leukocyte ANS:->>>Neutrophils
20. What kind of infections are neutrophils particularly effective against? ANS:->>>-
Extracellular bacterial infections
21. Plasmacytoid dendritic cell ANS:->>>A type of sentinel cell that detects viruses and releases
type 1 interferons
22. Type 1 Interferons (Type 1 IFNs) function and the cell that is most efficient at producing
them ANS:->>>Group of cytokines that activate the antiviral state during viral infection;
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells
23. The Antiviral State ANS:->>>Protective state that cells enter in response to Type I
Interferons; proteins that can bind to viral double-stranded RNA are produced, infected cells will
die, RNAse activity is induced
24. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) ANS:->>>Molecules that are
commonly expressed on pathogens but not vertebrate cells, help distinguish self from non-self;
can be on cell surface or released from cells
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller PurityKauri. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $19.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
